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- Order of animals characterized by flexible hands and feet - Humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs belong in this mammal group - Very diverse group - This group has certain features/characteristics that make them primates like Manual Dexterity, Binocular Vision, etc.

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Primates

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- Human-like primate

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Anthropoids

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- The Primates are unique with their flexible hands and feet - All Primates usually have five digits on each hand and foot and most have nails and a sensitive area on the end of each digit - Most Primates' first digit on their hands & feet are opposable

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Manual Dexterity

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- Finger that can be brought opposite the other fingers

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Opposable First Digit

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- Primates' eyes are on the front of their faces which creates overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth.

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Binocular Vision

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- One that is active during the day

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Diurnal

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- One that is active during the night

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Nocturnal

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What Makes Primates unique? -Locomotion -Complex Brains and Behaviors -Reproductive Rate

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Characteristics of Primates

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- Primates have the ability to move from place to place in various ways - They can move branch to branch to get to high places - On land, all primates, except humans, walk on all four limbs, but many primates can walk on two for short distances

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Locomotion

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- Primates tend to have large brain relative to their body - Their brains are very complex - Their brains have fewer areas that involve smell than sight - Have problem-solving abilities and well-developed socialization skills

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Complex Brains and Behaviors

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- Most primates usually have fewer offspring than other animals - Usually give birth one at a time - Newborns depend on their parents for longer period of time, but it allows an increased learning of social interactions

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Reproductive Rate

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Tree-Dwelling

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Arboreal

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- The primates are characterized based on their nose, eyes, and teeth - Strepsirrhines - Haplorhines

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The Two Primate Subgroups

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- Also can be called "Wet-nosed primates" -Can be identified by their large eyes and ears. -But they rely heavily on smell for hunting and social interaction -Most can be found in Madagascar and its surrounding island.

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Strepsirrhines

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- Also can be called "Dry-nosed primates" - Much Larger group than Strepsirrhines - This group includes tarsiers, monkeys, and apes - Humans are in this category, more specifically, the great ape group

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Haplorhines

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-Group of about 60 species in the arboreal monkeys. -Inhabit the tropical forests of Mexico, Central America, and South America. -Have a Prehensile Tail.

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New World Monkeys

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-About 80 species -Live in a wide variety of habitats throughout Asia and Africa. -Similar to New World Monkeys, but have narrower noses and larger bodies. Also they don't have a prehensile tail and sometimes no tail at all.

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Old World Monkeys

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- "Fifth Limb" - Used for grasping and support

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Prehensile Tail

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- Ex. Gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans - Lack tails, muscular forelimbs for climbing/swinging - Socially interactive and long term parental care -> large brain capacity

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Apes

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-These are apes that are able to walk on all four limbs, but they tend to swing from branch to branch to get to places.

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Lesser Apes

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-Great Apes use simple tools like sticks to hunt and stuff. -They walk on all four limbs. -Gorillas, Orangutans, Chimpanzees, and humans are in this group.

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Great Apes

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- Bipedal primates that include modern humans and their ancestors

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Hominins

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- Primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to tree-living life.

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Arboreal Adaptation

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- Able to walk on 2 legs - Advantages: Predator avoidance - Free hands for hunting, feeding, and protecting young

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Bipedal

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- Discovered by R. Dart in Africa in 1924 - Lived between 3.3-2.3 million years ago (mya) - Ape-like brain case and face -Picture of its skull.

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Australopithecus Africanus (Taung Child)

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- Located on the bottom of the skull (as in humans), indicating the organisms walked upright

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Foramen Magnum

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- An early hominin that lived in Africa and possessed both ape-like and human like characteristics - May be ancestors to modern hominins

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Australopithecine

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- Found in 1974 in east Africa and was 3.5 million years old - Lived between 4-2.9 million years ago - Ape-like shoulders and forelimbs, but humanlike pelvis, indicating bipedalism - Probably lived in small family groups - Was named this when archeologists were listening to a Beatles song while excavating and kept repeating that song

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Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy)

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- Between 3.2-3.5 millions years old - Flatter face and smaller molars - Could have coexisted with Lucy without competing for food resources

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Kenyanthropus Platypos

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- Discovered in Chad in 2001 - Between 6-7 million years old - Possibly the oldest hominin yet discovered

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Schelanthropus Tchadensis

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- "Handy Man" - Found by the Leaky's in Africa - Skull was more humanlike - Larger brain case, smaller teeth and jaws than australopithecines - Lived between 2.4-1.4 million years ago - Earliest hominid to make and use stone tools - Probably a scavenger

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Homo Habilis

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-Had a much larger brain than the Homo Habilis. -Live from about 1.8-1.3 mya. -Taller and lighter than the H. Habilis. -Some scientists say that they were hunters because they supposedly made hand axes and other tools, but others say that they were hunters and used these tools to scrape off meat from the bones they scavenged.

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Homo Ergastur

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- "Upright Human" - Lived between 1.8m - 400,000 years ago - May have evolved from H. Ergaster - Had larger brain and more humanlike face - Also had ape-like features - brown ridge, chinless jaw - Stone tools and axes - indicates hunting - Probably lived in caves and used fire - Migrated from Africa about 1 million years ago to Asia, possibly Europe - Became extinct 400,000 years ago

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Homo Erectus

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- Evolved in Europe, Asia about 200,000 years ago - Lived in caves (ice age) - May have had language, religious views - Skilled hunters - used tools, spears, knives - Brains larger than modern humans

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Homo Neanderthalensis

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- Spread through Europe 35-40 thousand years ago - Identical to modern humans in height, skull structure, brain size - Tool-makers and artists, used language, made clothing - First to domesticate animals - H. Sapiens emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago from a hypothetical "Mitochondrial Eve" - 195,000 years ago to Present

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Homo Sapiens

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- The grouping of objects or information based on similarities

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Classification

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- Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics - Can be used in agriculture and forestry; Ex. new sources of lumber, food plants - Can be used in medicine

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Taxonomy

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- 1st widely accepted system - Consists of 2 groups: plants and animals - Plants: herbs, shrubs, or trees - Animals: red-blooded vs. bloodless (not red blood) and whether living on land, in water, or air - Was not based on organisms evolutionary relationships

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Aristotle's System

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- Late 19th Century - Based on morphology and behavior of organisms

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Linnaeus's System

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- Two-word naming system developed by Linnaeus used to identify organisms - Genus - Specific Epithet

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Binomial Nomenclature

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- Consists of a group of similar species

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Genus

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- Often describes a characteristic of the organism

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Specific Epithet

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- Any definite unit in classification of organisms

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Taxon

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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. (Did King Philip Come Over for Grape Soda)

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Taxonomic Rankings

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- A species is defined based on physical characteristics and is unchanging and distinct - Advantage: Descriptions provide detailed records of physical characteristics of many organisms - Disadvantage: Classification does not allow for genetic variations, such as color, within a species

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Typological Species Concept

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- Defines a species as a group of organisms that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring - Advantage: Working definition applies in most cases - Disadvantage: Does not account for extinct species

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Biological Species Concept

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- Defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent - Advantage: Accounts for extinct species, considers molecular data and solves problems of other species concepts - Disadvantage: Evolutionary histories are not known for all species

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Phylogenic Species Concept

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- The evolutionary history of a species

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Phylogeny

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- To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of descent by using these - Two types: Morphological and Biochemical

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Characters

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- Suggest that species are closely related and evolved from a recent common ancestor - Features of body structure such as type of beak and wings on birds - Ex. Homologous Characters

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Morphological Characters

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- Amino acids and nucleotides are used to help scientists determine evolutionary relationships among species - Chromosome binding patterns that show the close relationship among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans - DNA and RNA analyses are powerful tools for reconstructing phylogenesis

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Biochemical Characters

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- Reconstructs phylogenies based on shared characters - An ancestor character is found within the entire line of descent of a group of organisms

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Cladistics

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- Present in members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor

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Derived Characters

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- Branching diagram that models the phylogeny of a species based on the derived traits of a group of organisms

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Cladogram

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- The three types of these are: Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya

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Domains

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- Differences in cellular structure and methods of obtaining energy are the two main characteristics that distinguish this

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Kingdoms

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- Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments that are usually oxygen free: swamps, hydrothermal vents, ponds - Differ from other prokaryotes in cell membranes, cell wall structures, and in RNA

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Archaebacteria

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- Live in most habitats except for the extreme ones - Can cause disease (strep, pneumonia), but most are beneficial or harmless - Most are heterotrophic, but some are autotrophic

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Bacteria

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- Lack complex organ systems unicellular (contains one cell) or multicellular (contains more than one cell) - Live in moist environments - Some are plant-like autotrophs (algae) - Some are animal-like heterotrophs (paramecium, stentor) - Existed up to 2 billion years ago

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Protista

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- Over 100,000 species - Non-mobile heterotrophs - Unicellular or multicellular - Absorb nutrients from the environment - First appeared 400 million years ago

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Fungi

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- More than 500,000 species - Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes (but some are heterotrophic) - Cell walls composed of cellulose - macromolecule, comprised of subunits of glucose - Comprised of tissues organized into organs and organ systems - Oldest fossils more than 400 million years old

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Plants

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- Multicellular heterotrophs - Nearly all are mobile; coral would be an animal that is immobile - These types of cells do not have cell walls

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Animals

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- Model uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate how long species have been evolving independently

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Molecular Clock

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