Chapter 13/14/15 – Flashcards
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Personality
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An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Basic Perspectives
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-Psychoanalytic -Behaviorism -Humanistic -Trait
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Theory of Personality (Freud)
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-Structure of mind: levels of unconsciousness -Structure of personality -Defense Mechanisms -Stages of Psychosexual development
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Freud
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Frueds theory proposed that sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
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Psychodynamic
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-Layers of unconscious -Defense Mechanisms -Psychosexual Stages
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Layers of Consciousness
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-Conscious -Preconscious -Unconscious
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Conscious
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Corresponds to our present awareness (contact with outside world)
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Preconscious
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Prior learning-can be brought into awareness at any time (material just beneath the surface of awareness)
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Unconscious
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-A reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories generally of a sexual or aggressive nature -Brought into consciousness only with great difficulty
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Personality Structure (Freud)
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-Id -Ego -Superego
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Id
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-Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy -Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives -Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
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Ego
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-The largely conscious executive part of personality -Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality -Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the ids desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
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Superego
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-The part of personality that presents internalized ideas -Provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations
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Psychosexual Stages
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-Oral -Anal -Phallic -Latent -Genital
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Oral
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-Birth to 1 years old -Oral activities such as sucking, feeding, and making noises with the mouth
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Anal
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-1 to 3 years old -Bowel and bladder control (toilet training)
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Phallic
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-3 to 6 years old -Genitals (sexual awareness)
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Latent
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-6 years old to puberty -social and intellectual skills
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Genital
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-Puberty to death -Sexual behavior
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Defense Mechanisms
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The egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression
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Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage
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Denial
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Refusal to accept reality or a fact as if it doesn't exist
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Displacement
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Defense mechanism that shifts impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger
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Sublimation
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Transform unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable ones
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Reaction Formation
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-Defense mechanisms by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites -People express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings
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Projection
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Defense mechanism involving placing or projecting ones own unacceptable thoughts onto others
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Rationalization
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Defense mechanism that offers self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions
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Humanistic
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-Carl Rogers -Abraham Maslow -Conditional/Unconditional positive regard -Self actualization -Self esteem
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Humanistic View
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-Focuses on traits that make that make people uniquely human -Reaction against negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism
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Humanistic Perspective
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-Conscious choice & personal freedom are central to what it means to be human -We have ability to make free choices that give meaning and personal direction to our lives
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Carl Rogers
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-We possess an inner drive to strive toward self-actualization -Personality expressed through the conscious experience of directing self toward fulfilling one's unique potential
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Conditional Positive Regard
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Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
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Self Actualization
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Striving to fulfill innate capabilities
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Self Concept
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-Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one's life -Composed of various self-schemas, or beliefs about the self
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Real Self
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One's self perception
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Ideal Self
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How one wants to be
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Abraham Maslow
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Studied self- actualization: ultimate need that arises after basic needs are met; motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Hierarchy of Needs
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-The need for self actualization -Experience purpose, meaning, and all inner potential -The need to be a unique individual with self respect and to enjoy general esteems from others -The need for belonging to receive and give love, appreciation, and friendship -The basic need for social security in a family and a society that protects against hunger and violence -The need for food, shelter, water, and clothing
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Self Esteem
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The need to be a unique individual with self respect and to enjoy general esteems from others
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Self Actualizing Person
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-Awareness & acceptance of one's self -Openness & spontaneity -Ability to enjoy work & see work as mission to fulfill -Ability to develop close friendships without being overly dependent on others -Good sense of humor -Tendency to have "peak" experiences that are spiritually or emotionally satisfying
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Trait
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-A characteristic pattern of behavior -A disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self -report inventories and peer reports
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The Big Five
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-Openness to experience -Conscientiousness -Extraversion -Agreeableness -Neuroticism
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Openness to Experience
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H:Creative, artistic, curious, imaginative L:Conventional, down to earth
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Conscientiousness
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H:Organized, reliable, neat L:Unreliable, lazy, careless
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Extraversion
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H:Talkative, sociable L:Reserved, stays in the background
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Agreeableness
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H:Good natured, helpful L:Rude, irritable
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Neuroticism
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H:Insecure L:Calm, secure
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Dimensions of MBTI
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Extraversion-Introversion (where prefer to gain energy) Intuitive - Sensing (how prefer to take in information) Thinking - Feeling (how prefer to make decisions) Perceiving - Judging (how prefer to live daily life)
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Behavior Genetics
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A field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality
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Psychopathology
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The study of abnormal behavior
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Psychological Disorders
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Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
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DSM
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-American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) -A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
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Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviorsthat reduce anxiety
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Types of Anxiety Disorders
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-Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD) Panic DO -Specific Phobias -Agoraphobia -Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
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Specific Phobia
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- Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation - Object or situation almost always provokes fear or anxiety - Object or situation avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety - Fear or anxiety out of proportion to actual danger posed by object or situation
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Agoraphobia
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-Marked fear or anxiety about 2 or more of the following: -Using public transportation (cars, buses, planes, etc.), being in open spaces (parking lots, marketplaces), being in enclosed places (shops, theaters), standing in line or being in a crowd, beings outside of one's home -Fears or av oids these situations because of thoughts that escape may be difficult -Situations are av oided, require the presence of a companion, or are endured with intense fear or anxiety
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Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)
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-Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in w hich person may be scrutinized by others -Examples: social interactions (having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observ ed (eating or drinking), performing or public speaking -Fears that will be negatively evaluated by others -Social situation almost always provokes fear or anxiety
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Panic Disorder
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-Marked by panic attacks: minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences 4 or more symptoms: -pounding heart beat, shortness of breath, sweating, trembling, feeling of choking, chest pain, nausea, feeling dizzy, chills, numbness, feel "out of one's body", fear of losing control or dying -Fear having another
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal; excessive worriers and finds difficult to control worry
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more of the following ways: experiencing the traumatic event, witnessing the event, learning the event occurred, experiencing exposure to aversive details of the event
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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Person experiences persistent thoughts (obsessions), usually followed by repetitive ritual behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)
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Obsessions
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nagging, intrusiv e thoughts person feels unable to control causing anxiety or distress
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Compulsions
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repetitive behaviors or rituals the person feels compelled to perform repeatedly in response to obsession or to rules that must be applied rigidly
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Anorexia
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-A condition in w hich a person reduces eating to the point that a w eight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs -Intense fear of gaining weight -Disturbance in way one'sbody is experienced
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Bulimia
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-A condition in w which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain (vomiting, laxativ es, excessiv e exercise) -Feel lack of control ov er eating during the episode -Binge eating & compensatory behaviors occur on average at least once a week for 3 months
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Major Depressive Disorder
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A mood disorder in which appears on experiences two or more weeks of 5 of the following symptoms: -depressed mood -feelings of worthlessness -diminished interest or pleasure in most activities -significant weight loss or gain -insomnia or hypersomnia -fatigue -inability to concentrate or indecisiveness -recurrent thoughts of death
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Bipolar Disorder
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A mood disorder in w hich the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
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Schizophrenia
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A psychotic disorder: -Confuses fantasy with reality -Two or more symptoms for 1 month: -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized speech -Disorganized or catatonic behavior -Negative symptoms
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Delusions
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False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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Hallucinations
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Sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
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Personality Disorders
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-Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning -Person has deeply ingrained maladaptive personality traits
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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-Disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members -May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
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Exposure Therapy
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An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
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Cognitive Therapy
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-Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting -Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotions -These tend to be "automatic thoughts" called cognitive distortions
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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-A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) -Successful in treating stress disorders, anxiety, and depression
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Antipsychotics
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-Used to treat schizophrenia and other psy chotic disorders -Newer drugs block the action of dopamine at receptor sites in brain
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Antidepressants
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-Increases availability of neurotransmitters- serotonin and norepinephrine -Used to treat depression and anxiety
