Chapter 10 Nervous System and 16 Skin System – Flashcards
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Chapter 10 Nervous System
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Chapter 16 Skin System
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Question Answer part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance cerebellum myoneural pertains to...? muscles and nerves acetylcholine is a ... ? neurotransmitter part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impluse is the dendrite elevated portions of the cerebral cortex are called Gyri causalgia burning sensation of pain a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system Plexus portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and boyd temp Hypothalamus glial cells Astrocytes space between nerve cells is called the synapse part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels medulla oblongata inability to speak aphasia "no speech" -phasia = speech collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord Cauda equina x-ray record of the spinal cord myelogram collection of blood within the meningeal layers subdural hematoma abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling (pins and needles) paresthesia inflammation of a sinal nerve root radiculitis a highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma paralysis of four extremities Quadraplegia cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be the cause of cerebrovascular accident (STROKE) fainting syncope spina bifida is associated with meningomyelocele (mening/o, myel/o, cele) shuffling gait is a symptom of _____ disease? Parkinson Disease disorder of reading, writing, and learning is dyslexia condition of NO nervous sensation anesthesia (no pain, no feelings at all) three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord meninges microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell axon a large interlacing network of nerves plexus (plexuses) branching fiber that is the FIRST part of a neuron to receive a nervous impulse dendrite protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell myelin sheath collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord cauda equina glial cell that produces myelin oligodendroglia (scanty dendrites) outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter cerebral cortex the _____ _____ nerve carries messages TOWARD the brain FROM receptors sensory nerve essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron parenchymal cell innermost meningeal membrane pia mater elevations in the cerebral cortex gyri acetylcholine is an example of this chemical released into a synapse neurotransmitter the _____ _____ contains cerebrospinal fluid subarachnoid space slow movement bradykinesia (kinesia = movement, brady = slow) increased nervous sensation hyperesthesia seizure of sleep narcolepsy movements and behavior are not purposeful apraxia fainting syncope burning pain causalgia no coordination ataxia (if you stumble, call a taxi) haha slight paralysis in half the body hemiparesis destruction of myelin sheath; replacement by plaques of hard scar tissue multiple sclerosis sudden, transient disturbances of brain function marked by seizures Epilepsy loss of muscle strength, breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter myasthenia gravis degeneration of nerves in the brain leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness - dopamine is deficient in the brain Parkinson disease deteoriation of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, microscopic neurofibrillary tangles Alzheimer disease Unilateral facial paralysis palsy (Bell Palsy) relieving but not curing pallative major convulsive epileptic seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptoms aura malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells glioblastoma multiforme interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum transient ischemic attack minor form of epileptic seizure absence seizure blockage occlusion neurotransmitter (type of) dopamine
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Question Answer 1) A type of epithelial cell in the epidermis is a ...? squamous cell 2) dermis is the ...? middle layer of skin 3) a hard protein material found in the epidermis keratin 4) structural protein found in skin and connective tissues collagen 5) Xer/o dry 6) pertaining to "under a nail" subungual 7) what is the combining form meaning "skin" cutane/o 8) Absence of pigment in skin Albinism 9) Inflammation of the soft tissue around a nail paronychia (for some reason this is not an -itis) but do remember that this inflammation is ParonyCHIA 10) profuse sweating diaphoresis 11) fungal infection trichomycosis (myco = fungus) 12) fatty mass within a sebaceous gland steatoma (steat/o = fatty, -oma = tumor/mass) 13) a wheal is a/an: hive 14) bullae large blisters 15) pustule small abscess 16) itching pruritus - note the spelling "U" at the end. 17) keloid thickened scar 18) inflammatory disease of the joints and collagen of the skin; can affect other organs of the body systemic lupus erythematosus 19) moles that can develop into malignant melanoma dysplastic nevi (oddly shaped moles that morph or change colors) 20) bed sore; break in continuity of skin decubitus ulcer 21) chronic recurrent dermatosis with silvery gray scales covering red patches in skin psoriasis 22) a dermatomycosis tinea (ringworm) fungal infection. myco - fungus. 23) white patches of a nucous membrane of tongue or cheek leukoplakia 24) connective tissue in the skin hardens scleroderma 25) layers of growth are removed and examined microscopically in a procedure called...? Mohs surgery 26) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- circumscribed collection of clear fluid (blister) vesicle 27) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- smooth, slightly elevated edematous area (hive) wheal 28) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- discolored, flat lesion (freckle) macule 29) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- groove or crack-like sore fissure 30) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- mushroom-like growth extending from the surface of a mucous membrane polyp 31) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- circumscribed collection of pus pustule 32) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- closed sac containing fluid or semi-solid material cyst 33) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- open sore or erosion of skin ulcer 34) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- solid elevation of the skin (pimple) papule 35) Name That Cutaneous Lesion! -- larger than 1 cm solid elevation of the skin nodule 36) Name the Skin Condition! -- build up of sebum and keratin in pores of the skin leading to papular and pustular eruptions acne 37) Name the Skin Condition! -- fungal skin infection tinea (ringworm) is a fungual infection 38) Name the Skin Condition! -- chronic hardening and shrinking of connective tissue scleroderma 39) Name the Skin Condition! -- bedsore decubitis ulcer 40) Name the Skin Condition! -- necrosis of skin tissue resulting from ischemia gangrene 41) Name That Skin Conditon! -- contagious, infectious pyoderma impetigo 42) Name the Skin Condition! -- chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by silvery gray scales covering red patches on the skin psoriasis 43) Name the Skin Condition! -- cancerous tumor composed of melanocytes malignant melanoma 44) Name the Skin Condition! -- widespread inflammatory disease of joints and collagen of the skin with "butterfly" rash on the face Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 45) Name the Skin Condition! -- chronic or acute inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, pustular, or papular lesions eczema
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Question Answer cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum dur/o dura mater encephal/o brain gli/o glial cells lept/o thin, slender pai and arachnoid membranes are known as leptomeninges mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges my/o muscle myel/o spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts) neur/o nerve pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root (of spinal nerves) thalam/o thalamus thec/o sheath (refers to the meninges) vag/o vagus nerve ( 10th cranial nerve) alges/o , -algesia excessive sensitivity to pain -algia pain caus/o burning causalgia=intense burning pain following injury to sensory nerve comat/o deep sleep (coma) esthesi/o , -esthesia feeling, nervous sensation kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic movement -lepsy seizure lex/o word, phrase -paresis weakness -phasia speech -plegia paralysis -praxia action -sthenia strength syncop/o to cut off, cut short tax/o order, coordination
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A fat cell is a__ lipocyte Structural protein found in skin and connective tissue collagen A black pigment found in the epidermis melanin The deepest region of the epidermis is the __ basal layer The outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells, is the stratum corneum An oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands sebum The middle layer of the skin is the dermis A hard protein material found in the epidermis keratin profuse sweating__ diaphoresis Fungal infections of hands and feet __ dermamycosis Burning sensation (pain) in skin causalgia oil-producing organs sebaceous gland Connective tissue protein collagen middle, connective tissue layer of skin dermis contains a dark pigment melanocyte Melan/o black Adip/o fat Squam/o scale-like Ichthy/o scaly, dry Hidr/o sweat Steat/o fat Xer/o dry discolored, flat lesion (freckle) macule Groove or crack-like sore fissure mushroom-like growth extending on a stalk polyp Closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material cyst open sore on the skin or mucous membrane ulcer Solid elevation of the skin (pimple) papule Solid, elevated lesion more than 1 cm in diameter node A type of epitheleal cell in the ephidermis squamous cell Cells that are constantly dividing Stratum Basale discolored, flat lesion (freckle) macule circumscribed collection of pus pustule grove or crack-like sore fissure Larger than 1 cm solid elevation of the skin nodule word means covering Integument Open sore or erosion of skin ulcer Bluish discoloration of the skin cyanosis Build-up of sebum and keratin in pores of the skin leading to papular and pustular eruptions acne necrosis of skin tissue resulting from ischemia gangrene Corium or true skin dermis Chronic or acute inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, pustular, or papular lesions eczema Cancerous tumor composed of melanocytes malignant melanoma Cytoplasm of cells replaced y protein keratin Itching pruritus Pertaining to under a nail subungual
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Structure of the Skin
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Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue
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Acessory Organs of the Skin
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HAIR: cells filled with the hard protein; keratin Hair follicles: shafts that hold the hair Five million hairs on body; 100,000 on head Melanocytes at the root form the color Grow .5 inch (1.3 cm) per month Cutting does not affect growth
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Accessory Organs of Skin (cont'd)
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NAILS: hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers lunula cuticle paronychium
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Accessory Organs of Skin (cont'd)
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GLANDS: sebaceous and sweat Sebaceous glands secrete oily sebum into hair follicle to lubricate. Sweat glands secrete into pores to moisten and cool. Both are subject to bacterial growth.
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Accessory Organs of Skin (cont'd)
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Sebaceous gland, eccrine sweat gland, and apocrine sweat gland.
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Combining Forms
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COMBINING FORMS adip/o fat albin/o white caus/o burn, burning cauter/o heat, burn cutane/o skin derm/o/ skin
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Combining Forms (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS dermat/o skin diaphor/o profuse sweating erythem/o redness erythemat/o redness hidr/o sweat ichthy/o scaly, dry
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Combining Forms (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS kerat/o hard, horny tissue leuk/o white lip/o fat melan/o black myc/o fungus onych/o nail
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Combining Forms (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS phyt/o plant pil/o hair, hair follicle py/o pus rhythid/o wrinkle seb/o sebum squam/o scalelike
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Combining Forms (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS steat/o fat trich/o hair ungu/o nail xanth/o yellow xer/o dry
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QUICK QUIZ:
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Which combining form refers to white? chlor/o jaund/o melan/o albin/o Correct answer is D: albin/o means white as in albinism
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont'd)
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Which combining form refers to the same color as jaund/o? xanth/o chlor/o erythr/o cyan/o Correct answer is A: xanth/o means yellow as in xanthoma
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Abnormal Conditions (cont'd)
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Cellulitis: diffuse acute infection of skin Eczema: inflammation of skin with erythematous and papulovesicular lesions caused by allergy Exanthematous viral diseases: rash due to virus (for example, rubella) Gangrene: death of tissue with loss of blood supply
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Abnormal Conditions (cont'd)
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Impetigo: contagious pyoderma caused by staph or strep Psoriasis: chronic recurrent dermatosis with silver gray scales that itch Scabies: parasitic (tiny mites) and infectious pruritus Scleroderma: chronic and progressive disease of skin with hardening of connective tissue
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Abnormal Conditions (cont'd)
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
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Abnormal Conditions (cont'd)
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Tinea: infection of the skin caused by fungus What is tinea? (fungal infection of skin or nails, that is, ringworm, athlete's foot)
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Abnormal Conditions (cont'd)
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Vitiligo: Loss of pigment in areas of skin What is vitiligo? (loss of pigment in areas of skin causing milk-white patches)
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Skin Neoplasms — Benign
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What is a callus? (increased growth of cells in keratin layer of epidermis due to friction against skin) What is a keloid? (hypertrophied, thickened scar after trauma or surgery) Ask for student examples of places that commonly develop calluses. Why? Some people who are prone to keloids are discouraged from having their ears pierced.
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Skin Neoplasms — Benign (cont'd)
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Keratosis: thickened area of epidermis Leukoplakia: white thickened patches on tongue or cheek Nevus: pigmented lesion Verruca: warts caused by virus
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Skin Neoplasms — Cancerous
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Basal cell carcinoma Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
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Skin Neoplasms — Cancerous (cont'd)
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Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis. Squamous cell carcinoma
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Skin Neoplasms — Cancerous (cont'd)
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The ABCDs of malignant melanoma. A. Asymmetry B. Border, irregular or circumscribed C. Color variation D. Diameter, usually larger than 6mm These skin tumors often metastasize to the lung, liver, bone, and brain. What is the current treatment for this type of cancer? Squamous cells can grow wherever there is squamous epithelium (internal or external). Common places include the mouth, larynx, bladder, esophagus, and lungs. Some are cigarette-related. Why are healthy organs lined with squamous cells in the first place? What about this tissue makes it appropriate for those particular organ systems?
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Skin Neoplasms — Cancerous (cont'd)
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Kaposi sarcoma Malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules.
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Laboratory Tests
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Bacterial analyses: pus or fluid samples examined to detect microorganisms Fungal tests: scrapings for culture and microscopic examination after treatment with KOH
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Clinical Procedures
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Cryosurgery: destroy tissue with subzero temperatures using liquid nitrogen Curettage: scrape lesion with sharp curet Electrodesiccation: destroy tissue by burning with electric spark
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Clinical Procedures (cont'd)
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Mohs surgery: remove thin layers of growth to examine under microscope (basal and squamous cell) Skin biopsy: punch and shave to remove for examination in path lab Skin test: test reaction of body to allergen with skin test (scratch or patch tests)
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Abbreviations
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ABCDE asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution (or change) —characteristics associated with melanoma bx biopsy Derm. dermatology DLE discoid lupus erythematosus PPD purified protein derivative PUVA psoralen-ultravoilet A light therapy SLE systemic lupus erythematosus SC subcutaneous
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS adip/o fat albin/o white caus/o burn, burning cauter/o heat, burn cutane/o skin derm/o skin
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS dermat/o skin diaphor/o profuse sweating erythem/o redness erythemat/o redness hidr/o sweat ichthy/o scaly, dry
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS kerat/o hard, horny tissue leuk/o white lip/o fat melan/o black myc/o fungus onych/o nail
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS phyt/o plant pil/o hair, hair follicle py/o pus rhythid/o wrinkle seb/o sebum squam/o scale-like
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS steat/o fat trich/o hair ungu/o nail xanth/o yellow xer/o dry
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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SUFFIXES -algia pain -derma skin -esis condition -lysis breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening -ose full of; pertaining to; sugar
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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SUFFIXES -osis condition, usually abnormal -ous pertaining to -plakia plaque -plasty surgical repair -rrhea flow; discharge
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CHAPTER 10 Nervous System
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CHAPTER 10 Nervous System
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Chapter Goals
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Name, locate, and describe major organs of the nervous system and their functions. Learn nervous system combining forms and use them with suffixes and prefixes. Define pathological conditions affecting the nervous system. Describe laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in the proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Introduction
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Nervous system: Complex: 10 billion nerve cells Voluntary and involuntary functions Carries electrical messages External and internal receptors What are external stimuli? How can internal chemicals be stimuli? What are some of the involuntary body functions controlled by the nervous system?
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Introduction (cont'd)
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Nerve cells: Microscopic Collected into macroscopic nerves Carry electrical messages all over the body Internal and external stimuli activate the cell membranes to release stored electrical energy called the nervous impulse. External and internal receptors receive and transmit these impulses to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). The central nervous system recognizes, interprets, and relays impulses to other nerve cells that extend through parts of the body, such as muscles, glands, and organs. What is the scope of influence nerve cells have on bodily function?
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General Structure of the Nervous System
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Two major divisions: Central nervous system—CNS Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system—PNS cranial nerves spinal nerves
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General Structure of the Nervous System (cont'd)
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Cranial and spinal nerves Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain. Motor nerves carry messages from the brain. Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers. Sensory receptors
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General Structure of the Nervous System (cont'd)
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Autonomic nervous system: Carries impulses from the central nervous system to organs. Sympathetic nerves stimulate body under stress. Parasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system. Slow heart rate Lower blood pressure The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically. It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow organs such as stomach and urinary bladder. Why is the autonomic nervous system necessary?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
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Neuron = individual nerve cell Dendrite Cell nucleus Axon Myelin sheath Neurilemma Terminal end fibers (secrete neurotransmitters) Neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse Ganglia = small clusters of nerve cell bodies What structure carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body? What substances are examples of neurotransmitters? What is the singular form of "ganglia"?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont'd)
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...
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont'd)
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Glia cells: Maintain health of nervous system Do not transmit impulses
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont'd)
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Three types: Astrocytes (astroglial cells) Microglia (microglial cells) Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells) These are the supportive, protective, and connective cells of the central nervous system. (Recap) What purpose does stromal tissue serve?
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The Brain (cont'd)
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The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres. The brain consists of four major lobes, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. What are the parts of the left cerebral hemisphere as shown in the diagram? What primary functions are carried out by the different lobes of the brain?
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The Brain (cont'd)
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Cerebrum Is the largest section of brain Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought What is the purpose of the cerebral cortex? How many major divisions can be applied to the entire cerebral cortex?
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The Brain (cont'd)
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Cerebellum Coordinates voluntary movements Maintains balance Thalamus Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain) What is the value of the ability to sense pain?
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The Brain (cont'd)
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Hypothalamus Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems How do messages travel from one side of the brain to another?
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The Brain (cont'd)
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The Brainstem Pons Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of the brain Houses nerves for face and eyes
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The Brain (cont'd)
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The Brainstem Medulla oblongata Connects spinal cord to brain Nerve tracts from side to side Regulates: Blood vessels Heart Respiratory system How does the word "crossover" apply to a function of the medulla oblongata?
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The Spinal Cord and Meninges
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The spinal cord is the column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra. It serves as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain. The inner section of the cross section of the spinal cord is gray matter. The outer section of the cross section of the spinal cord is white matter. What is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons? Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. What is the function of the outer dura mater? (It channels blood to brain tissue.) What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space? The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels. Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?
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Vocabulary
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acetylcholine afferent nerve arachnoid membrane astrocyte autonomic nervous system axon blood-brain barrier brainstem cauda equina cell body central nervous system cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cerebrum dendrite dura mater ependymal cell efferent nerve ganglion/ganglia glial cell or neuroglial cell gyrus hypothalamus medulla oblongata meninges microglial cell motor nerve myelin sheath nerve neuron neurotransmitter oligodendroglial cell parasympathetic nerves parenchyma peripheral nervous system pia mater plexus pons receptor sciatic nerve sensory nerve spinal nerves stimulus/stimuli stroma sulcus sympathetic nerves synapse thalamus vagus nerve ventricles of the brain
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QUICK QUIZ:
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A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum A. microglial B. gyrus C. parenchyma D. stroma Correct answer is B: gyrus
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont'd)
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The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges A. pia mater B. dura mater C. parenchyma D. stroma Correct answer is A: pia mater
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Terminology
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ORGANS AND STRUCTURES cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum dur/o dura mater encephal/o brain gli/o glial cells ORGANS AND STRUCTURES lept/o thin, slender mening/o, membranes, meningi/o meninges my/o muscle myel/o spinal cord neur/o nerve pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root thalam/o thalamus thec/o sheath (refers to meninges) vag/o vagus nerve
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SYMPTOMS alges/o, -algesia -algia caus/o comat/o esthesi/o, -esthesia kines/o, -kinesia
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Meaning excessive sensitivity to pain pain burning deep sleep feeling, nervous sensation movement
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SYMPTOMS -kinesis, kinetic -lepsy lex/o -paresis -phasia
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Meaning movement seizure word, phrase slight paralysis speech
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SYMPTOMS -plegia -praxia -sthenia syncop/o tax/o
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Meaning paralysis action strength cut off order, coordination
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QUICK QUIZ:
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. Which term means nerve pain? A. cephalgia B. analgesia C. hypalgesia D. neuralgia Correct answer is D: neuralgia
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont'd)
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4. Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull? A. subdural B. epidural Correct answer is B: epidural.
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Pathology
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Congenital Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina bifida Spina bifida cystica Spina bifida occulta How is hydrocephalus treated? What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.
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Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders
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Alzheimer disease (AD) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Epilepsy Huntington disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia gravis (MG) Palsy Parkinson disease Tourette syndrome Which conditions are movement related? Which conditions are degenerative?
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Infectious Disorders
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Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox? What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated? What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?
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Traumatic Disorders
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Cerebral concussion: Temporary brain dysfunction after injury Usually clears within 24 hours Cerebral contusion: Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?
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Vascular Disorders
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leaving to the brain Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs Migraine — severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
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Clinical Procedures
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X-ray Tests Cerebral angiography Computed tomography (CT) of the brain Myelography Other Procedures MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging PET—Positron emission scan EEG—Electroencephalography
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Abbreviations AD AFP ALS AVM CNS CT CSF CVA
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Alzheimer disease alpha-fetoprotein amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arteriovenous malformation central nervous system computed tomography cerebrospinal fluid cerebrovascular accident
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EEG GABA ICP LP MAC MG MRA MRI
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electroencephalogram gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter) intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5 to 15 mmHG lumbar puncture monitored anesthetic care myasthenia gravis magnetic resonance angiography magnetic resonance imaging
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1/2 P PCA PNS PET Sz TBI TENS TIA TLE tPA
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hemiparesis patient-controlled anesthesia peripheral nervous system positron emission tomography seizure traumatic brain injury transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation transient ischemic attack temporal lobe epilepsy tissue plasminogen activator
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Practical Applications
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What symptoms signal nervous system problems? What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems? Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered? What are common pathologies of the nervous system?
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Review Sheet (cont'd)
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COMBINING FORMS alges/o sensitivity to pain angi/o vessel, blood caus/o burn, burning cephal/o head cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum comat/o deep sleep crani/o skull cry/o cold dur/o dura mater encephal/o brain esthesi/o nervous sensation gli/o glue hydr/o water kines/o movement lept/o thin, slender lex/o word, phrase mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges my/o muscle myel/o spinal cord narc/o sleep neur/o nerve olig/o scanty pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root spin/o spine syncop/o cut off tax/o order thalam/o thalamus thec/o sheath (refers to meninges) troph/o nourishment vag/o vagus nerve
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Question Answer part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance cerebellum myoneural pertains to...? muscles and nerves acetylcholine is a ... ? neurotransmitter part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impluse is the dendrite elevated portions of the cerebral cortex are called Gyri causalgia burning sensation of pain a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system Plexus portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and boyd temp Hypothalamus glial cells Astrocytes space between nerve cells is called the synapse part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels medulla oblongata inability to speak aphasia "no speech" -phasia = speech collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord Cauda equina x-ray record of the spinal cord myelogram collection of blood within the meningeal layers subdural hematoma abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling (pins and needles) paresthesia inflammation of a sinal nerve root radiculitis a highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma paralysis of four extremities Quadraplegia cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be the cause of cerebrovascular accident (STROKE) fainting syncope spina bifida is associated with meningomyelocele (mening/o, myel/o, cele) shuffling gait is a symptom of _____ disease? Parkinson Disease disorder of reading, writing, and learning is dyslexia condition of NO nervous sensation anesthesia (no pain, no feelings at all) three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord meninges microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell axon a large interlacing network of nerves plexus (plexuses) branching fiber that is the FIRST part of a neuron to receive a nervous impulse dendrite protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell myelin sheath collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord cauda equina glial cell that produces myelin oligodendroglia (scanty dendrites) outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter cerebral cortex the _____ _____ nerve carries messages TOWARD the brain FROM receptors sensory nerve essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron parenchymal cell innermost meningeal membrane pia mater elevations in the cerebral cortex gyri acetylcholine is an example of this chemical released into a synapse neurotransmitter the _____ _____ contains cerebrospinal fluid subarachnoid space slow movement bradykinesia (kinesia = movement, brady = slow) increased nervous sensation hyperesthesia seizure of sleep narcolepsy movements and behavior are not purposeful apraxia fainting syncope burning pain causalgia no coordination ataxia (if you stumble, call a taxi) haha slight paralysis in half the body hemiparesis destruction of myelin sheath; replacement by plaques of hard scar tissue multiple sclerosis sudden, transient disturbances of brain function marked by seizures Epilepsy loss of muscle strength, breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter myasthenia gravis degeneration of nerves in the brain leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness - dopamine is deficient in the brain Parkinson disease deteoriation of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, microscopic neurofibrillary tangles Alzheimer disease Unilateral facial paralysis palsy (Bell Palsy) relieving but not curing pallative major convulsive epileptic seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptoms aura malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells glioblastoma multiforme interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum transient ischemic attack minor form of epileptic seizure absence seizure blockage occlusion neurotransmitter (type of)
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Question Answer part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance cerebellum myoneural pertains to...? muscles and nerves acetylcholine is a ... ? neurotransmitter part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impluse is the dendrite elevated portions of the cerebral cortex are called Gyri causalgia burning sensation of pain a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system Plexus portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and boyd temp Hypothalamus glial cells Astrocytes space between nerve cells is called the synapse part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels medulla oblongata inability to speak aphasia "no speech" -phasia = speech collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord Cauda equina x-ray record of the spinal cord myelogram collection of blood within the meningeal layers subdural hematoma abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling (pins and needles) paresthesia inflammation of a sinal nerve root radiculitis a highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma paralysis of four extremities Quadraplegia cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be the cause of cerebrovascular accident (STROKE) fainting syncope spina bifida is associated with meningomyelocele (mening/o, myel/o, cele) shuffling gait is a symptom of _____ disease? Parkinson Disease disorder of reading, writing, and learning is dyslexia condition of NO nervous sensation anesthesia (no pain, no feelings at all) three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord meninges microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell axon a large interlacing network of nerves plexus (plexuses) branching fiber that is the FIRST part of a neuron to receive a nervous impulse dendrite protective fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell myelin sheath collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord cauda equina glial cell that produces myelin oligodendroglia (scanty dendrites) outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter cerebral cortex the _____ _____ nerve carries messages TOWARD the brain FROM receptors sensory nerve essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron parenchymal cell innermost meningeal membrane pia mater elevations in the cerebral cortex gyri acetylcholine is an example of this chemical released into a synapse neurotransmitter the _____ _____ contains cerebrospinal fluid subarachnoid space slow movement bradykinesia (kinesia = movement, brady = slow) increased nervous sensation hyperesthesia seizure of sleep narcolepsy movements and behavior are not purposeful apraxia fainting syncope burning pain causalgia no coordination ataxia (if you stumble, call a taxi) haha slight paralysis in half the body hemiparesis destruction of myelin sheath; replacement by plaques of hard scar tissue multiple sclerosis sudden, transient disturbances of brain function marked by seizures Epilepsy loss of muscle strength, breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter myasthenia gravis degeneration of nerves in the brain leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness - dopamine is deficient in the brain Parkinson disease deteoriation of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, microscopic neurofibrillary tangles Alzheimer disease Unilateral facial paralysis palsy (Bell Palsy) relieving but not curing pallative major convulsive epileptic seizure Tonic-Clonic Seizure peculiar symptoms appearing before more definite symptoms aura malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells glioblastoma multiforme interruption of blood supply to the cerebrum transient ischemic attack minor form of epileptic seizure absence seizure blockage occlusion neurotransmitter (type of)
