Chap 9 Qs – Flashcards
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The set of rules for arranging the words and symbols of a language is known as A) grammar B) syntax C) protolanguage D) phonics
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B) syntax
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According to the text, archeologists and linguists believe fully grammatical language likely A) began with the Neanderthal. B) began over a million years ago years ago. C) likely began around 500,000 years ago. D) began less than 200,00 years ago.
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D) began less than 200,00 years ago.
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Nature-Nurture Pointer: Which of the following statements best captures the theories of psychologists and anthropologists regarding the development of language? A) Language began to develop after the frontal lobes of the brain had developed to near their present size. B) The brain developed first, and language and culture followed. C) Language developed to serve the function of labeling and communicating cultural concepts. D) The human brain and language co-evolved.
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D) The human brain and language co-evolved.
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Which of the following statements about "cooing" is true? A) Most infants begin cooing in their first month of life. B) Cooing is culturally universal—the cooing of infants from around the world sounds about the same. C) Deaf infants do not coo. D) All of these.
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B) Cooing is culturally universal—the cooing of infants from around the world sounds about the same.
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Human babies A) can perceive more sounds than adults. B) can make more sounds than adults. C) eventually lose their ability to perceive and make sounds that are not represented in the languages to which they are exposed. D) All of these
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D) All of these
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Which words are children from around the world likely to learn the first? A) nouns B) verbs C) The words at the beginning of a sentence. D) The words at the end of a sentence.
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A) nouns
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Which response correctly identifies the approximate age of development of one-word utterances, two-word utterances, and the sentence phase respectively? A) 3 months, 9 months, 1-1.5 years B) 6 months, 9 months, 1.5 years C) 9 months, 1 year, 2 years D) 1 year, 1.5 years, 2.5-3 years
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D) 1 year, 1.5 years, 2.5-3 years
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Which of the following statements about the "critical period" for language development is true? A) The critical period for language extends from birth until about age 3. B) The critical period for language extends from birth to age 5. C) Severe neglect and lack of exposure to language during the critical period causes permanent problems in language development. D) Language must be learned during the critical period, because after this period the human brain is no longer plastic, and neurons do not make new connections.
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C) Severe neglect and lack of exposure to language during the critical period causes permanent problems in language development.
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An adult who is engaged in child-directed speech is likely to A) speak in a higher tone of voice. B) vary vocal volume. C) use simple sentence structure. D) All of these.
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D) All of these.
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Which language acquisition model proposes that we are born with a language acquisition device (LAD)? A) innate capacity theory (ICT) B) nativist theory C) Skinner's conditioning model D) social cultural theory
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B) nativist theory
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Which of the following statements about the ability of animals to learn human language is correct? A) Chimps and other non-human primates can learn to vocalize simple English words if exposed to vocal training early in life. B) The most accomplished chimp linguist knows signs for about 20-30 words. C) The language abilities of the most accomplished chimp linguists are roughly equivalent to that of a human toddler. D) Because of their opposable thumbs and manual dexterity, most chimps can communicate faster on paper than with signs.
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C) The language abilities of the most accomplished chimp linguists are roughly equivalent to that of a human toddler.
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According to the linguistic determinism hypothesis, A) language determines our way of thinking about the world. B) early language ability determines adult intelligence. C) language determines culture. D) language determines the experience of emotion.
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A) language determines our way of thinking about the world.
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Before performing a dive, Latisha closes her eyes and sees herself springing from the board, gracefully rotating and twisting, and entering the water without a splash. Latisha is using __________ in an attempt to improve her performance. A) visual imagery. B) mindfulness. C) meditation. D) positive thinking.
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A) visual imagery.
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Which of the following is true of mental rotation tasks? A) Women tend to perform better on these tasks than women. B) Men and women tend to perform equally on these tasks. C) Performance on these tasks if positively correlated with testosterone levels. D) Performance on these tasks is negatively correlated with dopamine levels.
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C) Performance on these tasks if positively correlated with testosterone levels.
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platypus, which is a mammal that lays eggs and has a duck-like bill, is a poor __________ for the mammal __________. A) heuristic; concept hierarchy B) concept; species C) prototype; category D) heuristics; species
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C) prototype; category
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Little Phil brings his pet to show and tell and explains that his pet, Betty, is a ball python, which is a kind of snake, which is a reptile, which is a kind of animal. Little Phil has just used a __________ to tell the class about his pet. A) heuristic. B) category prototype C) concept hierarchy D) form of deductive reasoning
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C) concept hierarchy
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While __________ is responsible for speech production, __________ is responsible for speech comprehension. A) Chomsky's area; Wernicke's area B) Wernike's area; Chomsky's area C) Broca's area; Chomsky's area D) Broca's area; Wernicke's area
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D) Broca's area; Wernicke's area
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Mc'Lovin has a general theory that all women like him. Based on this theory, he reasons Malinda will say yes when he asks her out. Mc'Lovin is engaged in A) inductive reasoning. B) deductive reasoning. C) metacognitive thinking. D) the availability heuristic.
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B) deductive reasoning.
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"I have never seen or read about a bird without feathers, so therefore, they must not exist." This statement is an example of __________ reasoning. A) inductive B) deductive C) meta cognitive D) availability
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A) inductive
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Mental structures, such as ideas or images which stand for something else, are referred to as A) metacognitive thinking. B) mental representations. C) prototypes. D) concepts.
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D) concepts.
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Doug studied hard for his multiple-choice psychology exam but did not perform well. In order to determine what went wrong, he got a copy of the exam and reviewed it carefully. He analyzed why he chose each incorrect answer, and carefully determined where his logic and knowledge had failed him during the exam. Doug is engaged in A) metacognitive thinking. B) the fundamental attribution theory. C) parallel distributive processing. D) hypothesis testing.
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A) metacognitive thinking.
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__________ are mental shortcuts we use to make complicated decisions. A) Metacognitions. B) Heuristics C) Prototypes D) Deductive assertions
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B) Heuristics
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When asked to guess the number of Americans killed each year by murder, Emmanuel greatly overestimates. Emmanuel is absolutely amazed the murder rate is so low—"It seems like I hear about another one every day on the news!" It appears Emmanuel's use of the __________ accounts for his overestimate. A) availability heuristic B) representativeness heuristic C) prototype approach D) logical approach
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A) availability heuristic
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Making connections: Which of the following statements about learning a second language is true? A) Elderly speakers of two languages tend to develop dementia later than those who speak only one language. B) People who learn a second language early in life process both languages in roughly the same brain area. C) Bilingualism appears to enhance cognitive processing. D) All of these
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D) All of these
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While syntax is the rules for arranging words and symbols of a language, the entire set of rules for combining words and symbols to write and speak a language is known as _____.
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grammar
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The scientific term for very early language is _____ or pre-language.
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protolanguage
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After cooing for a period of time, human infants begin to _____, which involves experimentation with a variety of different sounds.
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babble
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The science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive is known as ______ psychology.
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cognitive
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Cognitive psychologists label a mental grouping of objects, events, or people a _____ , which is also considered the most basic unit of knowledge.
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concept
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According to the _____ views of language, the human brain is pre-wired for language. In other words, language is inborn.
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nativist
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The word _____ means "to know" and is used by psychologists to refer to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge.
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cognition
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As you are taking this practice quiz, I hope you are engaged in _____, which is the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence.
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reasoning
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In contrast to deductive reasoning, which may be thought of as "top down" reasoning, _____ reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific evidence.
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inductive
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_____ bias is the tendency to selectively pay attention to information which supports one's beliefs while ignoring information which would disconfirm them.
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Confirmation
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______ are statements unique to a particular language which do not make sense when literally translated.
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idioms
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Confirmation bias is the tendency to overestimate one's correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs, and decisions. Overconfidence is the tendency to look for evidence that will confirm what one currently believes rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm one's beliefs. A) True B) False
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...
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The surface structure of a sentence consists of the symbols that are used and their order, whereas the deep structure refers to the underlying meaning of the combined symbols. A) True B) False
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...
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A language's syntax is the set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication. A) True B) False
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A) True
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People with damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area typically suffer from aphasia. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Women who suffer left hemisphere strokes are more likely than men to show severe aphasic symptoms. A) True B) False
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...
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Human children, despite their limited thinking skills, begin to master language early in life without any formal instruction. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Belief bias is the tendency to abandon logical rules in favor of our own personal beliefs. A) True B) False
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...
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Heuristics are formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions, such as mathematical and chemical formulas. A) True B) False
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...
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To achieve wisdom, a person needs to possess the expertise that scientists, physicians, electricians, chefs, or other people attain in their specific domains of life. A) True B) False
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...
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People who display good metacomprehension are accurate in judging what they do or don't know. A) True B) False
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