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A syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour.

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Psychological disorder

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Interferes with all persons ability to function effectively.

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Maladaptive

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Director of Bicetre, 1793 and La Salpetriere, 1795 - put an end to inhuman treatments at mental hospitals. Ordered shackles to be removed, improved conditions, diets, treatments. Noticed that the chains were what was making the patients violent in the first place.

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Pinel

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The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical casues that can be diagnosed, treated, and in some cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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Medical model

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Emphasizes that mind and body are inseparable.

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Biopsychosocial approach

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The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

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Epigenetics

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True or false? Twins share the same risks of developing psychological disorders.

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False

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The American Psychiatric Association's manual of mental disorders. It is a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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DSM 5

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A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

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ADHD

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The US National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that just over 1 in ___ adult Americans "suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year".

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4

question

Over 75% of our sample with any disorder had experienced their first symptoms by age ____.

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24

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Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety.

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Anxiety disorders

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An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. (excessive uncontrollable worry)

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

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Panic disorder

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An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

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Phobia

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Which anxiety disorder refers to these symptoms: persistent for six months or more, continuous worry, jittery, agitated, sleep deprived, high blood pressure. The anxiety is "free floating"

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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Panic disorder affects 1 in __ people.

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75

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Fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult when panic strikes. People may avoid being outside the home, in a crowd, on a bus, or in an elevator.

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Agoraphobia

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People with this disorder have an intense fear of other people's negative judgments. They may avoid potentially embarrassing social situations such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties- or they may sweat or tremble while doing so.

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Social anxiety disorder

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A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions) or both.

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OCD

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A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdraw, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/ or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

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PTSD

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PTSD patients have smaller ____.

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Amygdala

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The Little Albert experiment was an experiment which involved this ____.

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Conditioning

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Through ______, the short list of naturally painful and frightening events can multiply into a long list of human fears.

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Conditioning

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Occurs when a person expereiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events. Ex- driving after an accident.

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Stimulus generalization

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Once fears and anxieties arise, _____ helps maintain them. Anything that helps us avoid or escape the feared situation can be ____ because it reduces anxiety and gives us a felling of relief.

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Reinforcement

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Our thoughts, memories, interpretations, and expectations.

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Cognition

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We humans learn many of our fears by ____ others.

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Observing

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Heightened sensitivity to danger cues.

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Hyper vigilant

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_____ can influence disorders by regulating neurotransmitters.

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Genes

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Some studies point ot an "anxiety gene" that affects brain levels of ____, a neurotransmitter that influences sleep, mood, and attention to negative images.

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Serotonin

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Other studies implicate genes that regulate the neurotransmitter _____. With too much of ____ , the brain's alarm centers become overactive.

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Glutamate

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Brain scans of people with PTSD show higher than normal activity in the ____ when they view traumatic images.

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Amygdala

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In people with OCD show that the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be _____.

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Hyperactive

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Characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors intended to reduce anxiety.

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Anxiety disorders

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Rare conditions in which conscious conditions becomes separated or dissociated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

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Dissociative disorders

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Characterized by inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning.

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Personality disorders

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Characterized by a disturbance in emotional state or mood.

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Mood disorders

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Characterized by disorganized and irrational thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and actions.

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Schizophrenic disorders

question

If a person exhibits persistently maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and actions, the person may have a(n) _____ disorder.

answer

psychological

question

The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from a mood disorder in 2008 was: 9.5. 5.5. 11.5. 7.5.

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9.5

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The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from _____ phobia in 2008 was 6.8 percent.

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social

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One of the strengths of the biopsychosocial model, in comparison to the medical model, is that the biopsychosocial model incorporates _____ into an understanding of psychological disorders. individual differences genetics physical illness the effect of culture

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The effect of culture

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_____ conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels.

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Rosenhan

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An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by a(n) _____ approach.

answer

biopsychosocial

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The medical model, one of the two models currently in use for understanding and treating psychological disorders, uses medical terms. Which of the following is NOT a term from the medical model? social stressors symptoms diagnosis mental illness

answer

Social stressors

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Criticisms of the DSM-5 suggest that, if Rosenhan's study were replicated today,: the results would be much the same people would be assigned different diagnoses doctors would have difficulty diagnosing the psuedopatients. people would be less likely to be misdiagnosed.

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The results would be much the same

question

What information would help a researcher determine if a psychological disorder were genetic in origin? It is observed in all cultures. It varies with chronological age. It occurs in adulthood. It displays distinctive symptoms.

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It is observed in all cultures

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A clinician begins by: prescribing the client medication. admitting the client to a hospital. gathering information from sources other than the client, such as information from family members. interviewing the client.

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Admitting the client to a hospital

question

The second step a clinician takes after meeting with a client is: interviewing the client. prescribing the client medication. gathering any other available information that may be relevant, such as information from family members. admitting the client to a hospital.

answer

Gathering any other available information that may be relevant, such as information from family members.

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Clinicians' working hypothesis about the condition of the patient is based on: the patient's psychiatric history. the patient's symptoms. the patient's theory about what is wrong with them. the patient's family history of psychiatric disorders.

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The patient's sypmtoms

question

A person with an anxiety disorder is MOST likely to: have a substance abuse problem. show depressed mood because of the anxiety problem. experience hallucinations. exhibit maladaptive behaviors in an intent to reduce anxiety.

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Exhibit maladaptive behaviors in an intent to reduce anxiety

question

A disorder that affects conscious awareness is most likely: a mood disorder. a dissociative disorder. an anxiety disorder. schizophrenia.

answer

A dissociative disorder

question

Ian is nervous and swallows a lot during his interview with the clinician. Ian's behavior is MOST consistent with: a mood disorder. an anxiety disorder. schizophrenia. a personality disorder.

answer

An anxiety disorder

question

Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning are characteristic of: schizophrenia. anxiety disorders. personality disorders. mood disorders.

answer

Personality disorders

question

Disorganized and irrational thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate actions are the main features of: an anxiety disorder. a mood disorder. schizophrenia. a personality disorder.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Which disorder group was simplified in the DSM 5 because the additional categories were not helping clinicians? personality disorders. mood disorders. schizophrenia. anxiety disorders.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Which researcher performed an experiment that demonstrated that wild monkeys transmit their fear of snakes to their watchful offspring.

answer

Mineka

question

By age 50, _____ disorder becomes rare.

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Generalized anxiety

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Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain can also create fear circuits within the: hippocampus. hypothalamus. pons. amygdala.

answer

Amygdala

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A persistent state of hopelessness and lethargy. The symptoms must cause near-daily distress or impairment and not be attributable to substance use or another medical or mental illness.

answer

Major depressive disorder

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In which a person experiences milder depressive feelings.

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Persistent depressive disorder

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Formerly called manic-depressive disorder, in which a person alternates between depression and overexcited hyperactivity.

answer

Bipolar disorder

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Major depressive disorder occurs when at least ___ signs of depression lasts ___ or more weeks.

answer

5 2

question

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

answer

Mania

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Women's risk of major depression is nearly ___ x men.

answer

2

question

_____ has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders, an expression that describes its pervasiveness but not its seriousness.

answer

Depression

question

Drugs that relieve depression tend to increase ________ or _______ supplies by blocking their reuptake or their chemical breakdown.

answer

Norepinephrine serotonin

question

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

answer

Rumination

question

Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are distinguished by: intensity of symptoms. the range of symptoms. cause of symptoms. the duration of symptoms.

answer

Intensity of symptoms

question

Bipolar disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and _____ of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.

answer

Lathargy

question

Nathaniel is a heavy smoker, and for the past three months, he has been severely depressed. His doctor told him that it is likely that he smokes so much because: nicotine can temporarily decrease norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter overabundant in people with depression. nicotine can temporarily decrease serotonin, a neurotransmitter scarce in people with depression. nicotine can temporarily increase serotonin, a neurotransmitter overabundant in people with depression. nicotine can temporarily increase norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter scarce in people with depression.

answer

Nicotine can temporarily increase norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter scarce in people with depression

question

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

A broad term for a break or split from reality.

answer

Psychosis

question

Schizophrenia patients with (positive or negative?) symptoms may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage.

answer

Positive

question

Schizophrenia patients with (positive or negative?) symptoms may have toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies.

answer

Negative

question

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorder.

answer

Delusions

question

A form of Schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten. Recovery is very unlikely. They have mostly negative symptoms.

answer

Chronic schizophrenia

question

A form of Schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods. They have mostly positive symptoms.

answer

Acute schizophrenia

question

Scientists have found an abundance of this brain receptor in patients with Schizophrenia. Treating Schizophrenia means reducing the amount of this receptor which can trigger hallucinations and paranoia.

answer

Dopamine

question

Scientists have found low usage of the _____ ____ in patients with Schizophrenia. This part of the brain helps us reason, plan, and solve problems.

answer

Frontal lobes

question

People with schizophrenia have the ______ _______ ____ _____ which means they have difficulty perceiving facial emotions and reading others' states of mind. These deficiencies occur early in the illness and have a genetic basis.

answer

Impaired theory of mind

question

Schizophrenia is a syndrome because: A. there are distinct symptoms that appear in every person, and symptoms can fluctuate over time. B. there are many different kinds of symptoms that do not always appear in every person, and symptoms do not fluctuate over time. C. there are distinct symptoms that appear in every person, and symptoms do not fluctuate over time. D. there are many different kinds of symptoms that do not always appear in every person, and symptoms can fluctuate over time.

answer

D

question

Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

answer

Dissociative disorder

question

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits tow or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personalty disorder.

answer

Dissociative identity disorder

question

It has been shown that DID is used to reduce symptoms of _______.

answer

Anxiety

question

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (these people are also known as psychopaths or sociopaths)

answer

Antisocial personality disorder

question

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

answer

Anorexia nervosa

question

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with vomiting or fasting.

answer

Bulimia nervosa

question

Significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensator purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

answer

Binge eating disoder

question

Nicole refuses to leave her house because she is fearful of being exposed to germs. Nicole's behavior is _____ because it interferes with normal day-to-day life. disturbed unusual maladaptive stressful

answer

Maladaptive

question

Although Mark realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from a(n): obsessive-compulsive disorder. phobia. generalized anxiety disorder. mood disorder.

answer

Phobia

question

The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are: visual. olfactory. auditory. tactile.

answer

Auditory

Ch. 15 Physiological Disorders – Flashcards

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