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howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. howard benefitted from

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generalization

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generalization is sometimes called

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transfer

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response maintenance can be considered generalization across

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time

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the tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called ______________ generalization

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response

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you test mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. you decide to test mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. you predict that if she has any improvement at all it will be at drawing

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animals

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the kind of generalization your test focuses on is

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stimulus generalization

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in a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck

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discs of various colors

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Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. this illustrates

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generalization

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Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. after this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. this

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reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color

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the findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called

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increased industriousness

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Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved. the result was that the students

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failed to solve the problems in the second set

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in the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved. they failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented

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by a different teacher

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when six-month old joey cries, his mother, martha, can tell what he needs even before she goes to him. martha's skill is an example of

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discrimination

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a dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. after training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. you predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is

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slightly softer than the CS+

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the figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. the greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure

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2

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look again at figures in the previous item. the one that shows the greatest degree of discrimination is Figure

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4

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an S^D is analogous to a

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CS+

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jill trains her dog boozer, to come to her when she snaps her fingers. she snaps her fingers, then gives the dog a bit of food when it approaches. finger snapping is a(n)

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S^D

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an ___________________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced

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S^D

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in ____________________ discrimination training, the S^D and S∆ are presented at the same time

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simultaneous

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in ____________, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard

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matching to sample

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in ____________, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard

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oddity matching

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the person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is

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Herbert Terrace

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in errorless discrimination training,

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the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased

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bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. later bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. of the following professions, ________________ will probably receive the lowest rating

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social worker

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providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. this finding is called the

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differential outcomes effect

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when a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S^D, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is

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under stimulus control

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according to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of

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generalization

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harriet gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. if the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing. when the animal regularly picks the rough block, harriet gives the animal a choice between the rough block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. you predict the monkey will

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pick the new, very rough block

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judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes. each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape; if it selects the other object, it receives nothing. judy is engaged in

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concept training

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Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures according to human figures. he found that birds

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pecked the human figures

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if a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced

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73,000 times

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steven, a drug abuser, is released from a clinic. he is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again. he returns to his old neighborhood. you predict that within six months, steven will

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be abusing drugs again

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frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization. frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by

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Spence

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frederica believes that generalization occurs because of a lack of experience with stimuli that differs from the S^D. frederica is probably most comfortable with the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by

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Lashley and Wade

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the effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not. T/F

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false

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with discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before. T/F

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true

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in stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another. T/F

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true

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generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously. T/F

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false

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Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon. T/F

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true

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the flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization. T/F

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true

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concepts involve both generalization and discrimination. T/F

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true

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pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept. T/F

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true

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Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. the researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects. T/F

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false

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Arthur Bachrach and colleagues demonstrated generalization of therapy in their treatment of a woman suffering from an eating disorder called

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anorexia

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the CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___/___ of operant discrimination training

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S^D/S+

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in the _____________ discrimination training procedure, the discriminative stimuli alternate

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successive

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in ________________ discrimination training an S∆ is introduced in a form so weak that the organism does not respond to it

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errorless

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oddity ______________ is a form of MTS in which reinforcement is contingent on selecting a stimulus that is different from the sample

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matching

Ch 11: Generalization, Discrimination, & Stimulus Control – Flashcards

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