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focus on observable behaviors observable vs. measurable

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Behavioral - social learning approach

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ones behavioral tendencies shaped by learning processes of classical and operant conditioning.

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Personality is comprised of...

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cognitive and emotional factors.

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Behavioral - social learning approach ignores or de-emphasizes

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process by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it is a signal for another stimulus which naturally (us) elicits a response

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Classical conditioning

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Tone (bell ringing)

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(NS) Neutral Stimuls

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Food (what type of stimulus is the food?)

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(UCS) Unconditioned Stimuls

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Automatic reaction to a unconditioned stimulus

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(UCR) Unconditioned Response

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Neutral Stimulus + Unconditioned stimulus = ___________

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(CS) Conditioned Stimulus

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Tone and Food (NS + UCS) = ___________

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(CR) Conditioned Response

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pre-programmed or automatic

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Unconditioned response

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if the unconditioned stimulus ceases to be associated with the conditioned response, the conditioned response will not be elicited.

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Principle of classical conditioning: EXTINCTION

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After a delay, following extinction presentation of conditioned stimulus (CS) will again elicit the conditioned response.

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Principle of classical conditioning: Spontaneous Recovery

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the (CR) conditioning response occur in repsonse to stimuli similar to the conditioning stimulus (CS)

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Stimulus Generalization

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Process by which organism learns to respond only to a particular stimulus and not to others.

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Stimulus Discrimination

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process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its prior consequences (rewards and Punishments)

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Operant Conditioning

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The frequency of a response will increase because it leads to a subjectively satisfying consequence.

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Positive reinforcement

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the frequency of a response will INCREASE because it leads to the removal or avoidance of a subjectively unpleasant stimulus.

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Negative Reinforcement

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increase behavior

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BOTH positive and negative reinforcement

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the only event that DECREASES the likelyhood of a response.

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Punishment

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is more effective in elimination of long term behavior

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Extinction

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relaxation training combined with gradual exposure to a hierarchy of fear inducing situations.

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Behavioral Techniques: 1. Systematic Densensitation

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Manipulation of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavioral frequencies.

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Behavioral Tehcniques 2: Contingency management

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(example of contingency management) reward desirable behaviors by giving out tokens or points that can be exchanged for tangible rewards.

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Behavioral Techniques 3: Token system

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if a child (person) does something wrong - loses reward.

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Behavioral Techniques 4: Repsonse cost`

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1. scientific research and support 2. Applications of theory 3. Emphasizes role of situation in behavior

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Evaluation of behavior approach: Strengths

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1. Animal basis for research 2. perhaps too simplistic 3. Ignores cognitive factors

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Evaluation of behavior approach: Weaknesses

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arose out of behavioral theory but includes "internal events" such as cognition and emotion

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Social learning theory

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Behavior that is affected by internal and external factors

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Albert Bandura: Reciprocal determinism

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Beliefs, thoughts, expectations

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Internal factors

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Rewards and punishments

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External factors

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1. lots of research support 2. real world applications

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Evalution of SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: STRENGTHS

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1. Ignores some aspects of personality 2. Not well integrated

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Evaluation of Social Learning theory: WEAKNESSES

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determined by mutual interactions of behavior, environments and personality... (most behavior is performed in the absence of external reinforcement and punishments.

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Bandura Functioning

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self- regulation

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Bandura: Daily actions are controlled by

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attempted to explain how to predict the likelihood of a person's behavior in a specific situation.

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Julian Rotter: Rotter's Prediction Equation

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degree in which individual prefers one reinforcement/outcome over another

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RV Reinforcement Value

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judgement of the liklihood that performing a specific behavior will result in a specific outcome.

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E - Expectations

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Expectations + Reinforcement Value= _____________________________ (E + R = Reinforcement value)

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Behavior Potential

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Process of acquiring a behavior through demonstration by a model -- includes COGNITIVE COMPONENT

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Observational learning:

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the charactersistics of the model (status, competence, power and the potential consequences of the behavior being modeled.)

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Observational learning success depends on:

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1. Attention - observer must pay attention to the model (observer) 2. Retention - observer must retain a cognitive representation of the models behavior. 3. Behavior Reproduction: the observer must be able to perform the behavior after retrieving the cognitive representation. 4. Motivation - observer must be motivated to actually perform the behavior.

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Process of Observational Learning

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inclusion of cognitive factors allows for vicarious learning to also occur with conditioning and reinforcement

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Vicarious Learning Process:

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observing someone being conditioned to a stimulus, may also result in the observer becoming conditioned.

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Vicarious conditioning

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Observing someone being reinforced for a behavior increases the liklihood the obersever will engage in that behavior.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

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Expectations of one's ability to execute a specific behavior necessary to achieve a specific outcome. (Specific to both behavior and situation)

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Self -Efficacy

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high confidence in one's ability to perform a behavior

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High Self- efficacy

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expediencies/outcomes expectations.

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Self efficacy is not the same as

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1. Activities chosen - choose the most likely to win. 2. effort expended - more self- efficacy = more effort 3. Persistence when encountering obstacles 4. Thought patterns during a task 5. Emotional effects reactions before and during a test

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Effects of Self Efficacy

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linked to better performance

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High self-efficacy

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Gender roles point __________ as more aggressive and socially dominant and ______________ are more submissive and emotional.

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Behavioral Social Learning theory: Gender Role Behavior: Males, Femals

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Simplistic

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Classification of Masiculinity and feminity as on a contiminum is likely too_________

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Presence of high levels of both masculine and feminine traits and behaviors

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Androgyny

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being high in one's own gender role is related to well-being

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Gender Role behavior related to Well being: Three possibilities: Congruence model ---

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is related to wellbeing (high in both) Feminine and Masculine

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Androgyny

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High masculinity is related to wellbeing due primarily to male dominance within our culture

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Masculinity Model

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depending on the situation.

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Advantages exist to either gender role..

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- children copied a models behavior when interacting with an inflatable doll, weather aggressive or not aggressive - studies demonstrated possibility of aggressive behavior learned through modeling - speculation has been made about learning aggressive behavior through television video games, etc.

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Observational Learning and Aggression: Bandura's BOBO doll studies

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-Anecdotal evidence of link between media exposure and violent behavior. -Desensitizing to violence. -Others argue media sources provide a catharsis that reduces risk of violence. -Research suggests exposure may lead to short term aggression.

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Media and violence

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PLACE

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Locus of Control: locus stands for

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extent to which people believe that what happens to them or others is due to factors within their control.

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Locus of control -

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people attribute outcomes to own efforts or abilities

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internal locus of control

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people attribute outcomes to other people or forces out of their control.

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external locus of control

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stable over time

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Locus of control is fairly

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higher academic achievement; better success and advancement in one's career

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Internal locus control is related to

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to an internal LOC Locus of control

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Successful psychotherapy may represent moving a client from an external LOC (locus of control)

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learned from the environment (Pavlov, Skinner)

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Behaviorist perspective

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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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Humanist

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going on in the mind

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Cognitive Psychology

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