question

Memory is best defined as

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The persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

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The process of getting information into memory is called

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Encoding

question

The process of encoding refers to

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Getting info into memory

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Storage is to encoding as ______ is to ______

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Retention; Acquisition

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The process of getting information into memory is called

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Retrieval

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The process of getting information into memory is called

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Encoding

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Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ______ memory.

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Short-Term

question

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ______ memory

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Long-Term

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The process of retrieval refers to

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Getting info out of memory storage

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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ______ memory

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Long-Term

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After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ______ memory.

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Short-Term

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To recognize the active information processing that occurs

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Working

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The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

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Proactive Interference

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Automatic processing and effortful processing

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Encoding

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Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

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Automatic Processing

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Automatic processing occurs without

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Conscious Awareness

question

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term "proactive interference" Surprisingly , however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-handed page in her text book. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

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Automatic Processing

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During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

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Rosy Retrospection

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While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of

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Automatic Processing

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In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros", Samantha spells the word about 30 times. She is using a technique known as

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Rehearsal

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When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called

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Rehearsal

question

Which researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

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Ebbinghaus

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Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

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Rehearsal

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Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

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Encoding

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Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires

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Effortful Processing

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The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

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Rehearsal

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The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business lunch room , she could recall the names of only the first 4 people she was introduced to. Her recall of these names best illustrates the benefits of

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Rehearsal

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Effortful processing can occur only with

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Conscious Attention

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Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to

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Encoding Failure

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Jamille performs better on foreign language vocab tests if she studies material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

answer

The Spacing Effect

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Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of

answer

The Spacing Effect

question

The next in line effect best illustrates

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Encoding Failure

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The tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention than massed study is known as

answer

The Spacing Effect

question

Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three week learning period, This best illustrates the importance of

answer

The Spacing Effect

question

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ______ effect.

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Serial Position

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Students often remember more information from a one-semester course than an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates

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The Spacing Effect

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On the telephone, Dom rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

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In the middle of the list

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The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as

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Implicit

question

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called

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Semantic Encoding

question

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of

answer

Acoustic Encoding

question

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ______ is to ______

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Meaning; Imagery

question

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating

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Semantic Encoding

question

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

Superior memory for rap lyrics that include the most rhymes illustrates the value of

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Acoustic Encoding

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Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated the people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

In order to remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory air because it facilitates

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

answer

Semantic Encoding

question

Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates

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Rosy Retrospection

question

A mnemonic device is a

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Memory Aid

question

As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of

answer

The Method of Loci

question

Developed by the ancient greeks, the method of loci is an illustration of

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A Mnemonic Device

question

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of

answer

The Method of Loci

question

Acronyms are to chunking as the method of loci is to

answer

Imagery

question

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of

answer

Visual Imagery

question

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

answer

Mnemonic Devices

question

Tim, a 3rd grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him learn to spell Geography. Tim is using a

answer

Mnemonic Device

question

The method of loci is to imagery as acronyms are to

answer

Chunking

question

Chunking refers to

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The organization of information into meaningful units

question

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of

answer

Chunking

question

The organization of information into meaningful units is called

answer

Chunking

question

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

answer

Chunking

question

The letters Y, M, W, X, Q, and A are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell a word. This proves an example of

answer

Chunking

question

Dario Domatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the technique of

answer

Chunking

question

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework....... This best illustrates the benefits of

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Hierarchical Organization

question

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, etc. She memorized what she needed by dividing food and non food items. This is an example of

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Hierarchical Organization

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Iconic memory refers to

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Photographic memory that lasts for one tenth of a second

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A phone number flashes on a TV ad, Amanda tries to call the number but it goes off the screen before she can finish, but in her mind, she sees the number still. This is an example of

answer

Iconic Memory

question

Explicit memory is to long term memory as iconic memory is to ______ memory

answer

Sensory

question

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid image of its edges. Her experience most likely demonstrates

answer

Iconic Memory

question

By presenting research subjects with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ______ memory.

answer

Iconic

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Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ______ is to ______

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Visual Stimulation; Auditory Stimulation

question

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid memory of the dog's bark. He most clearly demonstrates

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Echoic Memory

question

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ______ memory

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Echoic

question

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short of a time as

answer

12 Seconds

question

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count backwards after they were presented with there consonants. This study finds that ______ memories have limited duration without rehearsal

answer

Short-Term

question

Our immediate short-term memory for a new material is limited to roughly ______ bits of info

answer

7

question

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by P and P counted around in order to prevent

answer

Rehearsal

question

The magic number seven plus or minus two refers to the storage capacity of

answer

Short-Term Memory

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Short term memory is slightly better

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For auditory info than for visual info

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After hamsters learned whether to turn right or left in a maze in order to find food, their body temperature was lowered until the electrical activity in their brains ceased. When the hamsters were revived, they still remembered what they had learned. They know this because

answer

Long-Term Memory

question

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

answer

Long-Term Potentiation

question

Long-term potentiation refers to

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An increase in a neuron's firing potential

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Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve

answer

Synaptic Changes

question

The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of war in Iraq best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

answer

The body's release of stress hormones

question

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

answer

Flashbulb Memories

question

Most americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 attacks. This shows that these memories are helped by

answer

The body's release of stress hormones

question

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ______ memory

answer

Implicit

question

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ______ memory

answer

Implicit

question

Conscious memory of factual information is called ______ memory

answer

Explicit

question

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ______ memory

answer

Implicit

question

Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal info and visual designs stored

answer

Verbal info is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus

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Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his

answer

Hippocampus

question

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

answer

Hippocampus

question

Cerebellum is to ______ memory as hippocampus is to ______

answer

Implicit; Explicit

question

Explicit memory is to ______ as implicit memory is to ______

answer

Hippocampus; Cerebellum

question

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining

answer

Infantile Amnesia

question

Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia

answer

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

question

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as

answer

Priming

question

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to

answer

Priming

question

Shortly after you see a missing child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

Priming

question

The fact that elderly people are often less able than younger adults to recall recently learned info can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with

answer

Retrieval

question

After learning the combo for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combo for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

answer

Retroactive Interference

question

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates

answer

Proactive Interference

question

Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed

answer

Proactive Interference

question

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

answer

Retroactive Interference

question

Many of the experimental participates who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

answer

Interference

question

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall loosing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

answer

Motivated Forgetting

question

Those who are eager to use hypnosis in order to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first begin dating. The best illustrates the dynamics of

answer

Memory Construction

question

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they begin to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

answer

Memory Construction

question

When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

answer

Memory Construction

question

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates

answer

Source Amnesia

question

Police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more effective questions in order to avoid

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

In one study, children were predictably asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrates the dynamics of

answer

Memory Construction

question

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to

answer

Repression

question

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that

answer

We commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive events

question

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of

answer

Infantile Amnesia

question

Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may sometimes be told that they are simply in a stage of "denial" or "repression." This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes

answer

Retrieval Failure

question

With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

answer

Adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

question

Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be

answer

Repressed

question

Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits

answer

Rehearsal

question

Being asked to explain why a previously observed stranger was feeling angry has been found to influence people's perceptual memories of that person's facial expression. This best illustrates the dynamics of

answer

Memory Construction

question

After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates

answer

Source Amnesia

question

The misinformation effect refers to the

answer

Incorporation of misleading info into one's memory of an event

question

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates

answer

Source Amnesia

question

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this has actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

answer

Source Amnesia

question

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

answer

Source Amnesia

question

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. This experience best illustrates

answer

Source Amnesia

question

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that

answer

It is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories

question

When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she has just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

answer

Repression

question

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates

answer

Repression

question

Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates

answer

Motivated Forgetting

question

An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

answer

Memory Construction

question

Repression most clearly involves a failure in

answer

Retrieval

question

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

answer

The Misinformation Effect

question

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

answer

Portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

question

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

answer

Memory Construction

question

Our schemas often influence the form in which info is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

answer

Memory Construction

question

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

answer

Retrieval Failure

question

Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories

answer

Freud

question

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info is called

answer

Proactive Interference

question

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

answer

Proactive Interference

question

When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a ______ failure

answer

Retrieval

question

Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in the Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in

answer

Retrieval

question

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

answer

Retrieval Failure

question

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

answer

Encoding Failure

question

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

answer

Retrieval

question

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in

answer

Encoding

question

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to

answer

Encoding Failure

question

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

answer

State-Dependent Memory

question

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in

answer

Encoding

question

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of

answer

Retrieval

question

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall the best contents of that chapter when he is

answer

Depressed

question

Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates

answer

Mood-Congruent Memory

question

Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates

answer

Mood-Congruent Memory

question

Information learned while a person is ______ is best recalled when that person is ______

answer

Drunk; Drunk

question

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to

answer

Mood-Congruent Memory

question

Compared to formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates

answer

Mood-Congruent Memory

question

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV programs on Andrea's recall provides an example of

answer

Priming

question

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

answer

Deja Vu

question

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of

answer

Retrieval Cues

question

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of ______ on recall

answer

Retrieval Cues

question

Memories are primed by

answer

Retrieval Cues

question

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

answer

Priming

question

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of

answer

Priming

question

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used

answer

Recall

question

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

answer

Priming

question

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

answer

Retrieval Cue

question

Words, events, places and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

answer

Retrieval Cues

question

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized

answer

Recognition

question

Most people miscall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw a rock at the window" as "the angry rioter threw the rock through the window". This best illustrates the importance of

answer

semantic encoding

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