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Classical conditioning

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Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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A naturally occurring stimulus that leads into an involuntary (reflex) response.

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Unconditioned response (UCR)

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An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

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Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned response (CR)

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Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus generalization

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The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

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Stimulus discrimination

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The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Extinction

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The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

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Reinforcer

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Any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.

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Spontaneous recovery

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The reappearance of a learned response after extinction occurred.

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Higher-order conditioning

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Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned emotional response (CER)

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Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

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Vicarious conditioning

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Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

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Conditioned taste aversion

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Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

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Biological preparedness

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Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

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Cognitive perspective

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Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information on an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

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Operant conditioning

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The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

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Law of Effect

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Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

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Operant

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Any behavior that is voluntary.

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Reinforcement

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Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

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Primary reinforcer

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Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

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Secondary reinforcer

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Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

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Positive reinforcement

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The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

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Negative reinforcement

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The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

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Punishment

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Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

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Punishment by application

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The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

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Punishment by removal

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The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

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Shaping

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The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior.

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Successive approximations

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Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

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Discriminative stimulus

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Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

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Partial reinforcement effect

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The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

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Continuous reinforcement

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The reinforcement of each and every correct response.

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Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

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Variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

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Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before the reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

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Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

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Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

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Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

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Schedule reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

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Instinctive drift

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Tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

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Behavior modification

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The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

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Token economy

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Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

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Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

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Biofeedback

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Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.

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Neurofeedback

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Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

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Latent learning

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

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Insight

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The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

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Learned helplessness

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The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

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Observational learning

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Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

AP Psychology Chapter 5: Learning Vocabulary – Flashcards

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