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classical conditioning

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objects or situations become associated or linked with other kinds of situations; then similar situations cause the same resonse as the earlier situation.

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learning

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relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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relatively permanent

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part of the brain is physically changed to record what is learned

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maturation

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not learning, but changing as a result of another kind of change controlled by a genetic blueprint

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response

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reaction of an organism

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stimulus

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any object, event, or experience that causes a response

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unconditioned stimulus UCS

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ordinary, naturally occurring stimulus that ordinarily leads to the involuntary reflex response

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unconditioned response UCR

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the reflex response to the unconditioned stimus

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NS - neutral stimulus

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has no effect on a response

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CS - conditioned stimulus

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previously neutral, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response; learning has occurred.

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CR - conditioned response

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often weaker than the original; given to the CS; considered learning

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acquisition

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repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of learning

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stimulus generalization

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tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

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extinction

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with the removal of an unconditioned stimulus, the CR "dies out"

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spontaneous recovery

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the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although weak and short-lived

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higher order conditioning

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NS-CS-CR repeated often results in CR to NS

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Watson

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believed all behavior could be explained in terms of learning

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Pavlov

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Russian physiologist who studied digestion

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CER - conditioned emotional response

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learned phobias

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conditioned taste aversion

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developed tendency for nausea as a response to any food or liqid swallowed before becoming nauseated

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biological preparedness

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fear or aversion as a survival mechanism

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stimulus substitution

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Pavlov's belief that a conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to activate the same place in the brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus

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Rescorla

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asserted that the CS has to provide some kind of information about the coming of the UCS order to achieve conditioning

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cognitive perspective

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the way of looking at classical conditioning that emphasizes the mental activity of consciously expecting something to occur

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vicarious conditioning

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learning that happens simply by watching someone else respond to a stimulus

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Law of Effect

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Thorndike - if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated; if an action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

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operant conditioning

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learning that applies to voluntary behavior rather than reflexive

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voluntary behavior

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what people do to operate in the world

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operant behavior

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performing a voluntary action to get something desired or to avoid something undesired

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operant conditioning

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learning voluntary behaviors by attaining desirable or avoiding undesirable results

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reinforcement

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Skinner - anything that, when following a response, causes that response to be more likely to happen again

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primary reinforcer

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rewards a basic need (hunger drive, thirst drive, pleasure drive); might also be removal of pain

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secondary reinforcer

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gets reinforcing property from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past; a puppy gets praise while being touched - the praise alone will eventually bring the same result

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positive reinforcement

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ADDITION of a pleasurable consequence; strengthens the likelihood that the behavior WILL be repeated

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negative reinforcement

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REMOVAL, ESCAPE, or AVOIDANCE of a UNpleasant stimulus; strengthens the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

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punishment

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any event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again; weakens the response

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punishment by application

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something unpleasant is ADDED to the situation

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punishment by removal

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something pleasurable or desired is taken away

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effective punishment

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takes place immediately following behavior; is consistent; is paired with reinforcment of the right behavior

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shaping

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small steps toward some ulitmate goal are reinforced until the goal itself is reached

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successive approximation

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small steps one after the other that get closer and closer to the goal

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discriminative stimulus

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provides a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

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sponaneous recovery

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the recurrence of conditioned response after extinction

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partial reinforcement effect

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a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be more reisistant to enxtinction than a response that receives it each time

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continuous reinforcement

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each and ever correct response receives desirable result

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interval schedule

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time is of the essence

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fixed interval schedule

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number of responses or interval of time is fixed in each case

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ratio schedule

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number of responses matters; certain number of responses is necessary for each reinforcer

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variable schedule

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different number or interval is required in each case

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scalloping effect

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response rate goes up just before the reinforcer and then drops off immediately after, unti it is almost time for the next reinforcer

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variable interval schedule of reinforcement

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pop quiz! interval of time after which the organism must respond in order to receive a reinforcer changes from one time to the next

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fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

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the number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same number

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variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

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the number of responses changes form one trial to the next; slot machines

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instinctive drift

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Brelands - the tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns

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behavior modification

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changing undesirable behavior and creating desirable behavior in animals and humans

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token economy

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using secondary reinforcers to modify behavior

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time out

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mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others, removed from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention

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ABA - applied behavior analysis

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uses the shaping process to mold a desired behavior or response; Lovaas after Skinner; often used for autism

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biofeedback

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involuntary behaviors are brought under conscious control by using feedback of a person's biological information to creae a state of relaxation

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neurofeedback

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changing brain wave activity using an electroencephalograph, integrating them into video game style programs in which the subject can control mental states to elicit a response on the screen

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electroenchephalograph

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a machine that records the brain's electrical activity

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cognition

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the mental events that take place inside a person's mind while engaging in behavior

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Tolman

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rats learned to navigate a maze using reinforcement (pay the "toll" man to get out!)

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Tolman

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maze running rats

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latent learning

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Tolman - learning could happen without reinforcement and later affect behavior

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Kohler, Wolfgang

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marooned on island in Canaries WWI, spent the time in the primate research lab there; champ/stick/banana insight

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insight

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Kohler's chimp, Sultan, revealed that rapid "perception of relationships" could not be gained through trial and error learning alone; aha moment

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Seligman

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positive psychology

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learned helplessness

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Seligman; tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

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observational learning

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learning from watching others perform the behavior

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learning/performance distinction

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Bandura - learning can take place without actual performance

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Bandura's Bobo

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drew connections between children and aggression; agression that has no negative consequences is likely to be imitated by observers

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viewing aggression

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correlates with aggressive behavior; is not supported as a cause due to the other factors that may be present in lives of children allowed to view violence

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4 elements of observational learning

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MIMA... Bandura

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attention/memory/motivation/imitation

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necessary for observational learning

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imitation

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must be possible for obs. learning; mirror neurons are willing, but the flesh is weak

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attention

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one has to watch for it in order to learn by observing

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memory

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retention is necessary for obs. learning

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motivation

answer

desire to learn must be present to learn by observation

AP Psych, Learning, Chapter 5 – Flashcards

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