AP Psych *8A & 8B – Flashcards
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a need/desire that energizes and directs behavior
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motivation
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complex behavior that's rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned - reflexes for sucking for infants -fails to explain human motives with evolutionary psych's "instinct theory" -genetically predisposed behaviors
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instinct
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need - when physiological need increases --> psych drive increases --> aroused/motivated state -->drive-reducing behaviors like eating
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drive-reduction theory
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tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (pushed by need to reduce drives); the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose around a particular level ("staying the same")
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homeostasis
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a pos/neg enviro stimulus that motivates behavior (we are pulled by ___)
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incentives
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focuses on finding the right level of stimulation -curiosity drives animal/ppl cuz we seek optimum amt of arousal - we are hungry for stimulation and info or else we're bored and look for ways to increase arousal to optimum level - too much stimulation leads to stress and then we try to decrease arousal
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arousal theory
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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be ratified before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active 1. physiological: hunger, thirst 2. safety: organized/predictable world 3. belongingness/love: mutual love& acceptance& avoiding loneliness/separation 4. esteem: high self-esteem, achievement, competence, indep, recognition, respect 5. self-actualization: live up to fullest and unique potential 6. self-transcendence: meaning and identity beyond yourself
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hierarchy of needs
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starving men lost interest in everything but food and were obsessed, response caused by homeostatic system designed to keep normal body weight and nutrient supply, stomach contractions when feel hungry, stomach isn't in control of hunger alone cuz hunger persists when esophagus attached just to intestines
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Key's experiment
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form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hungry
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glucose
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hormone secreted by pancreas that lowers blood glucose by converting it to stored fat; when blood glucose level drops, brain chemistry triggers hunger and signals from stomach, intestines, and liver signal eating/not
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insulin
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small/complex neural traffic intersection deep i brain w/hunger controls there too
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hypothalamus
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sides of hypothalamus activity brings hunger, brings on interest in food when stimulated and if inactive then even starving animals lose interest in food
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lateral hypothalamus
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"satiety center": activity here depresses hunger - if stimulated then stop eating and if destroyed then animals never get message to stop eating so they process food rapidly and get obese
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ventromedial hypothalamus (lower-mid-hypothalamus)
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hormone that increases hunger, in the hypothalamus
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orexin
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hormone that increases hunger and is secreted by empty stomach to increase appetite -- i'm hungry signals
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ghrelin
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sister hormone to ghrelin and produced in same gene but it signals fullness that suppresses hunger, stomach sends out i'm full signals
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obestatin
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appetite decreasing hormone that's secreted by digestive tract, lots of experiments done to see if it can counter obesity by meds, sends i'm NOT hungry signals to brain
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PYY
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appetite decreasing hormone that's secreted when abundent by fat cells to increase metabolism/decrease hunger ---decreases the rewarding pleasure of food
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leptin
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the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set; when body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger & lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight - weight thermostat of brain chemistry/body signals increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure when underweight - "settling point" - level at which person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure ~ bio/enviro influences
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set point
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the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
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basal metabolic rate
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an eating disorder in which a person (teen girl) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve; many display a binge-purge depression cycle too; very self-conscious (boys that starve have high expectations of muscles) - families tend to be competitive, high-achieving, and protective - mothers of girls with disorder tend to focus on own appearance a lot too
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise - usually teen girls - depression/anxiety ~ fearful of becoming overweight during/after binges - weight fluctuations at or above normal ranges make it easy to hide condition - families have higher than normal instances of childhood obesity and neg self-evaluation
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bulimia nervosa
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significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but w/o the compensator purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa - men more likely to be overweight and women more likely to perceive themselves as overweight
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binge-eating disorder
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-hypothalamic centers in the brain monitor appetite - appetite hormones -stomach pangs -weight set/settling point -attraction to sweet/salty tastes -adaptive wariness toward novel foods (pregnant women have taste preferences since developing embryo is vulnerable to toxins)
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Bio Influences on eating behavior
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- sight and smell of food - variety of foods available - memory of time elapsed since last meal (amnesia patients can eat a lot cuz forgot when they last ate) -stress and mood - food unit size (unit bias) ~ portion sizes
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Psych Influences on eating behavior
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- culturally-learned taste preferences -certain spices used in hot climates to slow growth of bacteria > adaptive taste and becomes a preference of cultures -responses to cultual preferences of appearance
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Social Influences on eating behavior
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- shortened life expectancy - diabetes risk increases - high blood pressure - heart disease - gallstones - arthritis - cancer types - Alzheimer and brain tissue loss for women - death rate higher for obese men
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General Consequences of Obesity
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- how you're treated, personal self image - stereotype: slow, lazy, sloppy, less sincere/friendly, obnoxious - make less money - less likely to be married - strong weight bias especially against women - weight discrimination in hiring, placement, promotion, compensation, discipline, and discharge -discriminate vs. ppl seen with obese ppl - low psych well being from depression/anxiety
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Social Consequences of Obesity
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- consume more calories than they work off - 1lb = 3500 calories but if you cut those calories from your diet, you won't lose 1lb cuz body acts like starving and slows metabolism - determinant of body fat is size of fat cells - obese ppl's fat cells swell and divide, triggering nearby cells to divide too - as fat cell # increases --> overeating patterns - on a diet, fat cells may shrink but their # won't - it takes less food to maintain fat person's weight than it took to attain it because fat tissue has a lower metabolic rate than other tissues so takes less food energy to maintain - weight below set point--> hunger increases and metabolism decreases (adapts to starvation by burning fewer calories) - initial 3 weeks is rapid weight loss but then slows - food that used to maintain weight before diet adds weight during/after diet so don't cheat! - ppl who were never fat can maintain weight with more calories than ppl who were formerly fat - skinny ppl naturally predisposed to fidget about more than over weight ppl who sit still
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Physiological Consequences of Obesity
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- resemble weight of biological parents - identical twins reared apart have similar weights - genes explain 2/3 of varying body mass since .74 correlation of identical twin body mass - boys with fat doubles risk of becoming obese - FTO gene doubles risk of becoming obese - some genes influence when intestines signal "full", others dictate speed we burn calories/convert them to fat, genes> fidgeting/sitting still
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Genetic Factor to Obesity
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- sleep loss--> leptin (reports body fat to brain) decrease; ghrelin (stimulates appetite) increase - social influence if friend becomes obese, your likelihood increases, if BFF then by X3 - changing food consumption/activity levels globally (energy rich foods/drinks along with energy saving tech/transportation) - more TV --> more obesity - suburbs weight more than walking city ppl - western countries weigh more cuz less moving around/walking and more high calorie food - lots of food buffets - more soda than milk drinking - had to change public subway/stadium/theater chairs to be wider
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Food/Activity Factor to Obesity
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- less ads for fatty food - more availability of healthy foods and encourage activity - fast-food-free zone around schools - tax on unhealthy foods/drinks and use revenues to subsidize healthy foods/support health-supported ads
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Suggested Enviro Reforms (in response to obesity)
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the 4 stages of sexual responding as described by Masters and Johnson (1.excitement phase, 2.plateau phase, 3.orgasm, 4.resolution phase)
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sexual response cycle
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first stage of sexual response cycle - blood to genitals - V expands and secretes lubricant, boobs and nips enlarge
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excitement phase
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second stage of sexual response cycle - breathing/pulse/blood pressure rises - P engorged and sperm on tip - V secretion increases
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plateau phase
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3rd stage of sexual response cycle - muscle contractions all over body - further increase in breathing/pulse/blood pressure rates - woman's arousal position's uterus to receive sperm and draw it inward and reinforces intercourse - hardly awake and feel pleasure/sexual release (same feeling for men and women based on fMRI/PET scans showing brain areas) - then body returns to unaroused state, release accumulated blood from genitals ~ quickly if orgasm occurred and slowly if it didn't
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orgasm
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4th stage of sexual response cycle - refractory period - lasts from few min to day/more - women may have multiple orgasms if restimulated during/soon after resolution but much shorter refractory period than men
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resolution phase
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resting period after orgasm during which a man can't achieve another orgasm
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refractory period
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1. direct physical development of M/F sex characteristics 2. activates sexual behavior (nature synchronizes sex with fertility so secretion of estrogen when in "heat"/ sexually receptive)
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2 effects of sex hormones
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sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics; in nonhuman female animals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
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estrogen
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the most important of the male sex hormones; both men and women have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty - if women/men's T level drops, less sexual interest - fluctuations are response to sexual stimulation - interest in sex increases in puberty with hormone rush - testosterone replacement therapy for low levels
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testosterone
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- see/hear/read erotic material (same arousal for F/M) - F/M brains respond diff though (more active amygdala for men) - sexually explicit material of women enjoying rape increases acceptance of this myth for men who may hurt women then - sexy men/women--> ppl devalue their partners/selves
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External Stimuli to sexual motivation
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- brains are major sexy organs too - sex sensations even for ppl who are paralyzed waist down - erotic dreams w/sexual imagery --> orgasm (wet dreams) - man fantasize about sex more often/physically/less romantically; prefer less personal/faster pace sexual content in books/movies
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Internal (Imagined) Stimuli to sexual motivation
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- sexual maturity - sex hormones like testosterone - sexual orientation
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Bio Influences to sexual motivation
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- exposure to stimulating conditions - sexual fantasies
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Psych Influences to sexual motivation
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- family/society values - religious/personal values - cultural expectations - media
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Social Influences to sexual motivation
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1. Ignorance: low knowledge of STDs, overestimate peer's sexual activity which influences own behavior, sex ed can cause safe sex and delay sex 2. Minimal communication about birth control: teens who are open w/parents & partner about contraceptives will use them but ones who feel awk discussing it won't use them 3. Guilt related to sexual activity: regret early sex but often also don't use birth control cuz embarrassed 4. Alcohol-use: often teens combine the two-->lower judgments so don't use condoms and males get more aggressive too 5. Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity: writes the social scripts and contains lots of casual sex w/o talk of birth control or STDs so teens see it as normal 6. Poverty/Despair
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Factors to Teen Pregnancy
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increased risk among young ppl w/ not fully developed immunity and condoms can't block skin-to-skin diseases but condoms are 80% effective at preventing HIV
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STIs
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1. high intelligence 2. religious engagement 3. father presence 4. participation in service-learning programs 5. abstinence
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Predictors of Sexual Restraint (prevention of STDs)
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) - views on homo vary across cultures but always surviving and heteros always majority/prevailing - usually not aware they're gay until around puberty and don't think of themselves as gay til late teens/early twenties - same quality of love/satisfaction in friendships/relationships as straight ppl - due to stress of society, gays @ higher risk of suicide
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sexual orientation
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how hetero men are turned on w/ more sex drive toward just women and homo men to just men, while women's high sex drive is associated w/ greater attraction to both men/women and respond nonspecifically to sexual activity of men/women
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erotic plasticity
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- gays are NOT more likely than straights to have been smothered by maternal love, neglected by fathers, or sexually abused - has nothing to do w/levels of sex hormones in blood - doesn't involve fear/hatred of opposite gender - gays appear more often among poets, fiction authors, artists, and musicians, and occupations that attract more women like decorators, florists, and flight attendants - *"fraternal brother order effect"*
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Facts about homosexuality
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for each additional older brother, boys are 1/3 more likely to be gay; increased chances of this effect if right handed and lots of big brothers (odds of gay is 2% among 1st sons>3% among second sons> 4% among third sons); maternal immune response stronger to male fetuses ~ antibodies stronger and prevent brain developing into male typical pattern; unaffected w/adoptive brothers/girls with big sisters/girls who have male twins/left-handed boys
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fraternal brother order effect
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natural part of animal world, many gay sexual partners shun others except stay with partner
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same-sex attraction in animals
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- one more cell cluster in hypothalamus of hetero men than women/gay men -gay men and straight women have similar-sized brain hemispheres; lesbians and straight men have larger right hemisphere - brain anatomy influences sexual orientation not the other way around - men's sweat smell--> straight women/gay men arousal in hypothalamus, but straight men only have arousal response to female hormone derivative - gays/lesbians differ from straight counterparts in brain responses to odors/faces
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brain and sexual orientation
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- homosexuality runs in families - identical twins more likely than fraternal twins to share sexual orientation but other factors at work cuz often sex orientation differs among identical twins, especially females - single gene in fruit flies that determine sexual orientation and experimenters manipulated it to make them gay - in humans, multiple genes in interaction w/other influences shape sexual orientation
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genes and sexual orientation
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- altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homo - right-handed men w/several older bros are more likely to be gay - between 2-5 months after conception, hormone levels exposed to female fetuses at this time influences if they'll be attracted to males or not - lesbians influenced by prenatal hormones have cochlea hearing systems develop in a way intermediate between straight girls and guys - more fingerprint ridges in right than left and straight men have greater gap diff than gay men/straight women due to prenatal hormones in 16th fetal week - gays have 39% greater chance of being left handed - gay men/straight women have similar spatial abilities, better than straight men at those memory games but straight men better at mental rotation tasks
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prenatal hormone influences
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1. aiding survival 2. wanting to belong (influences self-esteem/joy/lonliness/image) 3. sustaining relationships (hate to break up groups/pairs, fear of being alone, chain migration) 4. pain of ostracism (social exclusion ~ punishment for bad social behavior, ppl then make new friends or turn to neg ways like school shootings)
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evidence shows humans need to belong (social animals)
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response of the whole organism involving... 1. physiological arousal (heart pounding) 2. expressive behaviors ( quickened pace) 3. conscious experienced thoughts ( is this a kidnapping?...fear...joy of finding child)
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emotion
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1. chicken-egg debate of which step of emotion comes first or causes the next 2. does cognition always precede emotion or vice versa (did he think of kidnapping threat and then react emotionally?) ~ common sense view of cry because we're sad/punch cuz we're angry --> countered J-L theory which is other way around
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2 controversies about emotion
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theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli - BUT C-B thought body's responses not distinct enough to evoke certain emotions (racing heart = love/fear/anger?) and too slow to signal sudden emotions *emotional expression(:O)-->emotional experience (fear)
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James-Lange theory
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theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotions (both simultaneous and separate/don't cause the other) *emotional experience(fear)--> emotional expression (:O)
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Cannon-Bard theory
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theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively labeled the arousal (perceptions, memories, interpretations) ~ depends on situational stimuli - like J-L, believed that emotions grow from body's arousal - like C-B, believed emotions are physiologically similar - SO...emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of arousal
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two-factor theory (Schaechter-Singer)
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- autonomic NS mobilizes body for actions and calms it when crisis passes (fight/flight) ~sympathetic division of ANS -directs adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline stress hormone) and norepinephrine (noreadrenaline), liver pours extra sugar into blood stream, respiration increases to supply needed oxygen and burn sugar, heart rate/blood pressure increase, digestion slows>diverts blood from internal organs to muscles> running is easier, pupils dilate to let in more light, sweat cools the stirred-up body, if wounded-- blood clots quicker ~ parasympathetic division of ANS - neural centers ingibit further release of stress hormones but the ones already in blood stream will linger awhile ~ arousal gradually diminishes
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emotions and autonomic NS
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*diff emotions--> diff physiological/brain-patterned responses - finger temp/hormone secretions differ between fear/rage - fear/joy simulate diff facial muscles yet same heart rate - more activity in amygdala watching fearful faces than agry ones - brain scans/EEG recordings show emotions activate diff areas of brain's cortex (neg emotions linked to right H [depression/disgust] and pos [optimists/energetic ppl] linked to left H) - the more left-tilted the frontal lobe activity is, the more upbeat the person is - left frontal lobe has more dopamine receptors (happy/perky) and neural pathways that increase dopamine levels runs from frontal lobes --> cluster of neurons (=nucleus accumbens) and lights up when person experiences pleasures (if electrically stimulated, it makes depressed person happy) - distinctions physiologically among emotions makes J-L theory plausible
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diff emotions lead to diff bio responses
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- *spillover effect* = high arousal from great news if just did exercise than if took a nap and just woke up; quick/automatic and effortless - w/adrenaline pumping, we pick up on irritated or happy emotions of others and it impacts our own mood - the stirred-up state can be interpreted as 2 very diff emotions (irritated/happy) depending on how we interpret them - arousal and label = emotion (arousal of anger/fear-->sexual passion) - arousal fuels emotion and cognition channels it
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cognition can define emotion
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- many emotional reactions apart from/before we interpret situation - Ex: get bad news--> convo distracts attention --> feel bad but don't have label as to why but arousal lingers - subliminal flashed stimuli prime emotion before cognition - *"lowroad pathway"* ~ shortcut from eye/ear--> thalamus --> amygdala (bypasses cortex) = quick emotional response before intervention of intellect - amygdala sends more than receives of neural projections (feelings rule thinking rather than the other way around) - some thinking or else how would we be able to know what we're reacting to - emotions arise when we decide if event is beneficial/harmful (appraisal) - emotional ppl personalize events and generalize experiences by blowing singular events out of proportion **event--.appraisal--.emotional response-->event...
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cognition doesn't always precede emotion
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- body lang, tone of voice, facial expressions - detect emotion: in eye contact, handlhake, angry gestures, expressions - good at detecting threats and angry faces/neg words stick out to us more - experience makes us more sensitive to certain emotions ~ abused kids detect signals of anger quicker than other kids - eyebrows reveal emotion like distress/worry/fear - *Duchenne smile* = natural smile (activated muslces under eyes and raised cheeks and is quick, while fake smiles can last a while and can be switched on/off abruptly) - eyes (fear/anger) and mouth (happiness) are most revealing of emotion - we're terrible (about 54% accurate) at telling if someone is lying/detecting deceiving expressions - introverts excel at reading others' emotions but extroverts are the easiest to read - texts often misinterpreted cuz no nonverbal cues
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nonverbal communication
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- women surpass men at reading emotional cues, telling if someone is lying, telling if a couple is romantic or phony, and in a photo -- telling which is the supervisor of the other - women more emotioanlly responsive/expressive - anger is the exception ~ associated with males and 3/4 ppl picture angry face on a male and see gender neutral angry face as male and smiling one as female - women express/show empathy more but based on physiological measures like heartrate, there's a much smaller gender gap than in surveys and in observations - ppl can detect gender in facial expressions - they differ a bit
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gender/emotion/nonverbal behavior
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- gestures/hand signals carry diff meaning in diff places - smiles/angry faces/etc all shared and understood - slightly enhanced accuracy at judging facial expressions of own culture cuz there are "nonverbal accents" - emotional "display rules" ~ expressing more emotion to ingroup rather than outgroup ~ crosses world cultures - even blind children who have never seen a face have the same universal facial expressions - all children cry when sad, shake heads in defiance, and smile when happy - Darwin would say our ancestors communicatedin facial expressions before there was lang (survival and also surprise w/eyes open allows us to see more info & disgust causes wrinkled nose to prevent sniffing foul odors) - smiles are social phenomena and can be controlled (poker face, sports, friendly to fans) - context influences our perception of emotions (w/monstors with same facial expression but based on chaser/runner one looked angry and one looked afraid; movies play on this by using music to enhance emotion-perception) - same emotions yet diff cultures and values on individuality/respect/adapting to others - express more/less emotion and can differ among cultures in one country
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expressions/emotions universal??
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-physiological response - evolutionary adaptiveness - brain pathways - spillover effect
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Bio influences on emotion
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-cognitive labeling - gender diff
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psych influences on emotion
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- expressiveness - presence of others - cultural expectations
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social influences on emotion
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effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as wehn a facial expression of anger/happiness intensifies feelings of anger/happiness - when smiling, more readily understand sentences of pleasant events - molding face to act an emotion --> feel that emotion
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facial feedback
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effect of behavior expressions on experienced emotions; walking in short scuffling steps with head down (anger) vs. long strides and arms swinging (happy) - influences/awakens those emotions - acting/immitating another's facial expressions/behavior helps us feel empathy for him/her > done naturallly ~ why we're so good at perceiving emotions/they're contageous and if told to bite pencil instead of mimic> harder to perceive their emotion/empathize
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behavior feedback
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joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt (some say "pride" is one too)
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10 basic emotions
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- pleasant/pos valence with high arousal variation==>elated enthusiastic - pleasant/pos valence with low arousal variation ==> relaxed - unpleasant/neg valence with high arousal variation ==> fearful or angry - unpleasant/neg valence with low arousal variation ==> sluggish and sad
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Valence/Variations
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- alarm setting that prepares our bodies to flee from danger - binds ppl together vs. common enemies and unifies groups - fear of injury protects us from harm - fear of punishment/retaliation prevents us from hurting others - helps us focus on a problem and find coping strategies - fearful expressions increases peripheral vision and speeds up eye movements ---> more sensory input
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function of fears
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- classical/operant conditioning - learning by observation
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how we learn fear
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- ancestors needed fear to survive threats - amygdala -associates various emotions like fear with certain situations -if damage to hippocampus, still have emotional reaction/implicit memory to conditioned stimulus (blue slide before scary boom) but not remember why - if amygdala damaged, consciously remember the conditioning but have no emotional reaction to it (ppl w/o amygdala are unusually trusting of sketchy ppl) - phobias = fears that fall outside avg range/intense/disrupt ability to cope - experience helps shape fearfulness or fearlessness but so do genes (identical twins have similar levels of fearfulness) - a gene influences amygdala response to scary situations ~ ppl w/short version of this gene have low protein to speed up reuptake of NT serotonin so w/ lots of serotonin available to activate amygdala neurons> ppl have big afraid responses
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biology of fear
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"emotional release' maintains that releasing aggressive energy through action/fantasy relieves aggressive urges - sometimes retaliating vs. provoker calms temporarily BUT only if counterattack is directed at provoker, if retaliation is justifiable, & if target isn't intimidating BUT can leave you feeling guilty/anxious - usually fails to calm rage ~ expressing anger > more anger and escalates issue/magnifies anger
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catharsis hypothesis
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1. wait/simmer down 2. exercising 3. playing an instrument 4. talking it out with friend but not vention aggressively 5. forgiveness
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cope with anger
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- response to friend/loved one's misdeeds especially if it was willful/unjustified/avoidable - other small causes like foul odors, high temp, dead cell phones, traffic, aches/pains
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causes to anger
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-chronic anger can lead to heart disease - catharsis - anger fuels physically/verbally aggressive acts we later regret --> maladaptive - can lead to prejudice - anger can be rejoicing/habit-forming (whatever worked in past relieve anger like yelling will be repeated tactic for future)
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consequences of anger
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- smiling genuinely - finding $ - succeeding on a challenging task - recalling a happy event - random acts of kindness (leads to the cycle of the feel good-do good phenomenon) - good well-being - early to middle part of most days cuz "new day" outlook - time to adapt to grim news --> feeling less emotionally distraught - more time spent thinking of other things than your troubles - wealth --> happiness (wealthier countries/lottery winners/ppl who afford basic needs BUT diminishing returns!) OR happiness can lead to wealth - optimistic, outgoing, agreeable - high self-esteem (individualistic countries) -work/lesiure engages skill - meaning/religious faith - sleep well/exercise
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causes of happiness
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- perceive world as safer - more confidence - make decisions easier - rate job applicants more fairly - more cooperative/tolerant - healthier/energetic/satisfied in life - better relationships seem promising - earn more money - feel good, do good phenomenon - we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt --> quick happiness disproves this misconception - happiness fluctuates --> elated feeling after great news fades too likie bad news feeling - diminishing returns phenomenon (diminishing marginal utility) --> the more money piled on, the less unit increase of happiness per increase (Americans at high risk/not that happy) - OR more happiness --> high income
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consequences of happiness
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self-perceived happiness/satisfaction w/life. used along w/measures of objective well-being (physical/economic indicators) to evaluate ppl's quality of life
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well-being
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ppl's tendency to be hellpful when already in a good mood (give $, pick-up dropped papers for someone, volunteer, etc.)
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feel good, do good phenomenon
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our tendency to form judgments of sounds/lights/income relative to neutral level defined by our prior experience - EX: neutral level of soun is my mom's voice so Hannah sounds way too quiet and Sage sounds way too loud - if our income/GPA/social prestige increases --> surge of pleasure --> adapt to new level of achievement and need something better to feel surge of pleasure again - satisfaction/dissatisfaction and success/failure are all relative to our recent experience
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adaption-level phenomenon
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the perception that we are worse off relative to those w/whom we compare ourselves - EX: upper class are more satisfied when comparing themselves to poor BUT once reach moderate income level, further increase gets little happiness (diminishing returns) - often compare ourselves to peers at at/above current level (college acceptance of peers in our classes) - comparing w/those better off --> envy and comparing w/those worse off --> counting our blessings
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relative deprivation
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skin rashes, asthma attacks, hypertension, high blood pressure
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health risks of stress
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an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and mental knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
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behavioral medicine
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subfield of psych that applies psych's contribution to behavioral medicine (links emotions/personality to health problems)
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health psychology
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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening/challenging - "stressor" = the cause; "stress reaction" = physical/emotional responses; "stress" = process - arises less from event itself but from how we appraise them (same situation gets some ppl stressed and others not) - POS: mobilize immune system to fend off infections & heal wounds; arouses/motivates us to conquer problems & after succeed --> high self-esteem/sense of purpose/emotional resilience - NEG: high risk of chronic diseases, high blood pressure, bad for health
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stress
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high heart rate/respiration, diverts blood from digestion to skeletal muscles, dulls pain, releases sugar/fat from body's stores ~ how the sympathetic NS preps the flight/fight response - very cold, low oxygen, emotion-arousing incidents --> release of stress hormones from adrenal glands as part of sympathetic NS
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speedy stress
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-cerebral cortex tells the adrenal glands to release glucocorticoid stress hormones like cortisol - physical deterioration: brain's production of new neurons slows, short "telomeres" (DNA pieces at ends of chromosomes) --> cell can no longer divide so it dies ~ so high stress speeds up aging process by about a decade so look older too
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slow/prolonged stress
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withdraw/pause to conserve energy (men), help others and receive support ~ "oxytocin" ~ stress moderating hormone associated w/nurture/care/cuddling/etc (women)
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alternatives to fight/flight
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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in 3 phases ~ alarm, resistance, exhaustion 1. alarm reaction ~ due to sudden activation of sympathetic NS 2. resistance ~ temp/blood pressure/respiration increase and sudden outpouring of hormones 3. exhaustion ~ depleted hormones from previous stage > vulnerable to illness/collapse/death
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general adaption syndrome
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1. catastrophes (war, natural disaster) 2. significant life changes ( death of loves one -- week after death of partner you're twice as likely to die, moving, marriage, divorce) 3.daily hassles (school, work, doctor visit, sports, prejudice, poverty, etc.)
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events that cause stress
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the clogging of vessels that nourish heart muscle; the leading cause of death in N. America ~ causes: high blood pressure, hypertension, family history of it, smoking, obesity, fatty diet, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, stress, type A personality, pessimism, depression -- which disrupts immune system/triggers inflammation/causes asthma/clogged arteries/more depression - sympathetic NS respons to anger by redistributing blood flow to muscles and away from internal organs like liver that removes cholesterol/fat from hearth rhythms that can cause sudden death)
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coronary heart disease
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Friedman&Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impacient, verbally aggressive, rigidly organized, truthful, status-conscious, proactive, workaholic, obsessed with time management, short-fused, easily irritated, anger-prone ppl
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type A
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Friedman &Rosenman's term for easy-going, low-stress, steadily working, enjoy achievement/not stressed if not achieved, good sport, creative, internally/externally reflective, less punctual, right-brained, relaxed ppl (pure type B's have no risk for heart disease)
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type B
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literally "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and some headaches
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psychophysiological illness
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the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health - immune system = complex surveillance system that defends body by isolating and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances; includes 2 types of white blood cells (B &T lymphocytes)
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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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the 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: - B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; - T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances/even "good" ones like transplanted organs - macrophage & natural killer cells - influenced by age, nutrition, genetics, body temp, and stress
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lymphocytes
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"big eater", identifies/pursues/ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells
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macrophage
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pursue diseased cells - viruses/cancer
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natural killer cells
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1. respond too strong, attacking body's own tissues --> arthritis or allergic reaction 2. underreacts --> dormant herpes virus erupts or cancer cells multiply - women are immunologically stronger than men ~ less susceptible to infection but more susceptible to self-attacking diseases like multiple sclerosis - brain regulates secretion of stress hormones which suppress disease fighting-lymphocytes (high stress--> bad immune system) -EX: when stressed: heal slower, more vulnerable to virus SO manage stress well is survival
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2 directions of immune system
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4th leading cause of death in world and #1 in Africa - acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by human indmunodefieciency HIV -spread by exchange of bodily fluids - semen, blood - those who have it have time to spread it w/o knowing they have it - difficulty fighting off diseases like pneumonia - stress/neg emotions speed progression from HIV to AIDS and speed the decline of those with infection so less stress may help control disease w/meds/abstinence/condoms/monogomy too
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stress and AIDS
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lots of stress --> speedy progression of cancer - carcinogens = cancer-producing substances - tumors develop sooner and grow larger with stress - depression/helplessness/bereavement/stress --> high risk of cancer - some research saw no correlation with stress and cancer cuz Holocaust survivors didn't have high cancer rates - stress doesn't cause cancer, it weakens body's natural defenses against evil cells - stress is just a small component but won't make it or break it with getting cancer/AIDS
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stress and cancer
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persistent stressors&neg emotions: 1. unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition/sleep) 2. release of stress hormones --> (1) autonomic NS effects (headaches, high blood pressure) (2) immune suppression (3) heart disease
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path of stress
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motivators that work best for mechanical skills and don't work well for cognitive skills - when money is a motivator to do work, pay employees enough that they think about the work not the money - motivators: money, self-direction/autonomy, mastery (i.e. Wiki, Patehy, Linix), purpose motive - profit motive gone stupid: if profit motive is greater than purpose then ppl do shitty performance
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carrots
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1. Autonomy: when my counterparts and I are given a task and we just get to do it our way and be creative 2. Mastery: artsy stuff and drawing 3. Purpose: my work for BBYO for planning programs/events even though it's a volunteer position
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3 Main motivators
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*thinking that everything will turn out alright; overall belief that our goals can be met (composed of agency and pathways) *High scores type of people: - see obstacles as challenges not threats - react to obstacles with less stress and lower blood pressure increase - report less pain in giving birth - report higher life satisfaction/greater self-esteem/more optimism - less anxious, fearful, and depressed - like challenging tasks vs. easy tasks in lab settings - self predicted and earned higher grades in college course work even when controlling for IQ levels - growth mindset
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hope
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willpower and energy to get moving toward your goals (part of hope)
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agency
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ability to generate routes to reach your goals (part of hope)
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pathways
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unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessness - evolutionary asset: if you help others, they'll help you and work together to survive (contradicts survival of the fittest in a sense) - babies can be altruistic cuz its in our nature to be compassionate and have empathy - differs from the egoist because the egoist helps others to boost own self-esteem and altruist helps for selfless reasons
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altruism
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occurs when people tend to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return - feel obligated to return favors/gifts - we follow this social norm even with strangers and tiny gifts
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reciprocity norm
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(upside-down U shape) graph with arousal on x-axis and performance on y-axis -there's an optimal level of arousal for a given task (corollary) - tasks of stamina/persistence-->need high levels - tasks of concentration/intellectual--> need(demand) lower levels
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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- surgery targets hypothalamus (hunger center w/stomach urges and metabolism) - cravings/sensations felt: hot, sick, Pepsi, integestion, vomit, nausea -electrical current makes sure they are getting at the hypothalamus by triggering sensations, also helps control appetite - benefit to patient: healthier physically/psych, changes metabolism, electrical current tells her she's full so she doesn't have the urge to eat - mind control?? scary!
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weight loss brain surgery
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reward of healthy liver substituted w/reward of movies ~ reward in the now and liver is "less important" because it's only an issue in the future; get ppl to behave well for the wrong reasons, reward yourself only after doing what you don't want to do
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reward substitution
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individual believes that his/her behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances - for physical/mental well-being, must recognize what you can/can't control
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External Locus of Control
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individual believes that his/her behavior is guided by his/her personal decisions and efforts - for physical/mental well-being, must recognize what you can/can't control
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Internal Locus of Control
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damaged/destroyed part of brain
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lesion
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surprise, fear, disgust, anger, joy, sadness, contempt - evidence: diff gestures/same facial expressions across the world, blind ppl show same expression, isolated culture had same expressions when looking at emotion-provoking photos - purpose of emotions: common lang, helps babies, prepare body for diff actions - application of research- detect terrorism, detect emotion of school
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Ekman's 7 Basic Emotions
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where hostility/neg emotions take place, damage here makes you happier
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right frontal lobe
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1. panic attacks 2. feeling tired 3. difficulty sleeping 4. headaches and ulcers
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Physical signals of too much stress
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1. sense of failure 2. anger and resentment 3. suspicion of others 4. difficulty making decisions 5. wanting to run away from situation 6. inability to concentrate on what people are saying 7. depression
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Mental signals of too much stress
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1. give proper time to personal health and relaxing 2. learn to delegate and share responsibilities 3. talk about your feelings with others and figure out if you're setting impossible deadlines/targets and look at the way you work 4. count your blessings not your problems and live each day as it comes 5. be open to receiving support/help/encouragement from friends/family/co-workers/etc.
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Ways to cope with stress
