question

Classical conditioning was originally researched most extensively by __

answer

Pavlov

question

A dog's salivation in response to a musical tone is a(n) (conditioned, unconditioned) response

answer

conditioned

question

the weakening of a conditioned response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called __

answer

extinction

question

for higher-order conditioning to occur, a neutral stimulus is typically paired repeatedly with an (existing conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus)

answer

existing conditioned stimulus

question

5 yr old Jesse was bitten by his neighbor's collie. He won't go near that dog but seems to have no fear of other dogs, even collies. which learning process accounts for his behavior?

answer

discrimination

question

In watsons experiment with Little Albert, the white rat was the (conditioned, unconditioned) stimulus, and Albert's crying when the hammer struck the steel bar was the (conditioned, unconditioned) response.

answer

conditioned, unconditioned

question

Albert's fear of the white rat transferred to a rabbit, dog, a fur coat, and a mask. What learning process did this demonstrate?

answer

generalization

question

Rescorla's research suggest that __ processes play a role in classical conditioning

answer

cognitive

question

Taste aversions result from many trials in which a stimulus is paired with nausea

answer

false

question

Counselors usually advise recovering drug addicts to avoid cues (people, places, things) that are associated with their past drug use because the environmental cues may serve as conditioned stimuli for drug cravings.

answer

true

question

Who researched trial-and-error learning using cats in puzzle boxes and formulated the law of effect?

answer

Thorndike

question

Operant conditioning was researched most extensively by __

answer

Skinner

question

Which of the following processes occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcers are withheld?

answer

extinction

question

Many people take aspirin to relieve painful headaches. taking aspirin is a behavior that is likely to continue because of the effect of (positive, negative) reinforcement

answer

negative

question

(partial, continuous) reinforcement is most effective in conditioning a new response.

answer

continuous

question

Jenny and Ashlee are both employed raking leaves. Jenny is paid $1 for each bag of leaves she rakes; Ashlee is paid $4 per hour. Jenny is paid according to the __ schedule; Ashlee is paid according to the ___ schedule

answer

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

question

Which schedule of reinforcement yields the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?

answer

variable-ratio schedule

question

Danielle's parents have noticed that she has been making her bed every day, and they would like this to continue. because they understand the partial-reinforcement effect, they will want to reward her every time she makes the bed. (true/false)

answer

false

question

punishment is roughly the same as negative reinforcement (true/false)

answer

false

question

Depending on the circumstances, avoidance learning can be either adaptive or maladaptive (true/false)

answer

true

question

victims of spousal abuse who have repeatedly failed to escape or avoid the abuse may eventually passively resign themselves to it, a condition known as __

answer

learned helplessness

question

Using sensitive electrontic equipment to monitor physiological processess in order to bring them under conscious control is called __

answer

bio feedback

question

applying learning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and/or encourage desirable behavior is called __

answer

behavior modification

question

The sudden realization of the relationship between the elements in a problem situation that results in the solution to the problem is called (latent learning, insight)

answer

insight

question

Learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior is called

answer

latent learning

question

hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. hayley most likely acquired her fear through

answer

observational learning

question

You are most likely to learn a modeled behavior if you

answer

are physically capable of performing the behavior

question

modeling

answer

learning a new behavior from a model

question

facilitation

answer

exhibiting a behavior similar to that of a model

question

inhibitory

answer

suppressing a previously learned unacceptable behavior after seeing a model be punished for it

question

disinhibitory

answer

exhibiting a previously learned unacceptable behavior after seeing a model do so

question

Edward Tolman

answer

latent learning

question

Albert Bandura

answer

observational learning

question

Wolfgang Kohler

answer

learning by insight

question

__ was a pioneer in the study of the ways in which observing aggressive behavior on TV and in films influences children's behavior.

answer

Bandura

question

Ben continues to play a slot machine even though he never knows when it will pay off. __

answer

variable-ration schedule of reinforcement

question

Tamake watched a movie about tornadoes and is now afraid of bad storms. __

answer

classical conditioning of emotions

question

Joey is crying and asking for a candy bar. His mother gives in because doing so will make him stop crying for now-but Joey will most likely behave this way again. __

answer

positive reinforcement for Joey

question

Hans got sick eating lasagna and now never eats food containing tomato sauce. __

answer

generalization

question

Helen washed the dinner dishes, and her mother allowed her to watch TV for 30 minutes extra that evening. From then on, Helen dutifully washed the dishes after every family meal. __

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Natasha's parents are advised to stop paying attention to her crying when it is time for bed and instead ignore it. __

answer

extinction

question

Jorge is paid for his factory job once every two weeks. __

answer

fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

question

Maria is scolded for running into the road and never does it again. __

answer

positive punishment

question

Ellen watches her lab partner mix the chemicals and set up the experiement. She then repeats the same procedure and completes her assignments. __

answer

observational learning, modeling effect

question

Through associations with such things as food and shelter, pieces of green paper with pictures of past U.S. presidents on them become very powerful reinforces. __

answer

secondary reinforcer

question

Although he studied the problem, Jack did not seem to be able to figure out the correct way to reconnect the pipes under the sink. He took a break before he became too frustrated. Later he returned and immediately saw how to do it. __

answer

insight

question

Morgan often listens to her IPod while chatting with friends online and watching TV. __

answer

electronic multitasking environment

question

Classical conditioning is based on the association between __, and operant conditioning is based on the association between a __ and its __

answer

stimuli, behavior, consequences

question

__ is a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is aqcuired through experience and cannot be attributed illness, injury, or maturation

answer

learning

question

Ed feeds the horses on his ranch every day at the same time. he notices that the horses now run to their feed troughs and whinny as if they know dinner is on its way as soon as they hear his truck coming up the drive. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is __ Unconditioned stimulus __

answer

sound of truck, the food

question

The unconditioned response of Pavlov's dogs was __

answer

salivation

question

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the bell was originally a(n) __ stimulus

answer

neutral

question

To get coyotes to stop eating sheep, ranchers poison sheep carcasses in the hope that coyotes that eat the carcasses will get sick enough to avoid eating sheep from that point on. The ranchers hope that the coyotes will avoid all types and sizes of sheep--which is an example of __ in classical conditioning

answer

generalization

question

The ranchers also hope that the coyotes will be able to distinguish between sheep and other more appropriate sources of food. this is an example of __ in classical conditioning.

answer

discrimination

question

Eduardo loved eating at a certain fast food restuarant. after a while even the giant logo sign in front of the restaurant would make him hungry every time he saw it. the restaurant ran a TV ad showing a clown standing by the logo sign. Pretty soon, every time Eduardo saw a clown, he became hungry. Eduardo's responses are examples of __ conditioning.

answer

higher-order

question

If watson had wanted to extinguish Little Albert's conditioned fear of white fur things, he would have presented the __ stimulus without presenting the __ stimulus.

answer

conditioned, unconditioned

question

The law of __, developed by __, states that a response that is followed by a satisfying consequence will tend to be repeated, while a response followed by discomfort will tend to be weakend.

answer

effect, Thorndike

question

Since researchers cannot tell rats to press the bar in a Skinner box for food or have them read "The Skinner Box Owner's Manual," they must initiate the bar-pressing response by rewarding __ an approach known as shaping

answer

successive approximations

question

Reinforcement is any event that follows a response and increases the probability of the response. __ reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus and __ reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus.

answer

negative, positive

question

You're driving on an interstate highway and suddenly notice that you've been going 80 mph without realizing it. Immediately after you slow down, you see the flasing light of a state police car, and you know you're about to be pulled over. In this case the flashing lights is a __ stimulus

answer

discriminative

question

Food is considered a __ reinforcer; money is considered a __ reinforcer

answer

primary, secondary

question

if you are going to train a rat to press a bar for food, you would probably use __ reinforcement for the initial training period and a __ - reinforcement schedule to strengthen the learned bar-pressing behavior.

answer

continous, partial

question

Bandura's research demonstrated that children may learn __ behaviors from watching models perform them on TV

answer

aggressive

question

Research shows that children learn to identify advertising on __ several years before they can do the same for ads on __

answer

TV, the internet

question

Pavlov is associated with __ conditioning

answer

classical

question

This theorist believed that the causes of behavior are in the environment and that inner mental events are themselves shaped by environmental forces

answer

Skinner

question

Which of the following theorists developed the concepts of latent learning and cognitive mapping?

answer

Tolman

question

This teorist researched observational learning and the effects of modeling on behavior.

answer

Bandura

question

Which of the following theorists is associated with research on reinforcement theory?

answer

Skinner

question

The concept that is associated with cognitive learning is

answer

latent learning

question

Jim has been sober since he completed a treatment program for alcoholics. He was told to stay away from his old driking places. The danger is that he may start drinking again as a result of the conditioned stimuli in those environments. If he did, it would be a practical example of __ in classical conditioning

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

The seductive nature of a slot machine in a gambling casino is based on its __ schedule of reinforcement

answer

variable-ratio

question

For Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __

answer

loud noise

question

Positive reinforcement increases: behavior; negative reinforcement __ behavior

answer

increases

question

good example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is __

answer

child's weekly allowance

question

The nice thing about continuous reinforcement is that it creates a behavior that is very resistant to extinction. (true/false)

answer

false

question

Taste aversion is a real-world example of

answer

classical conditioning

question

In __ learning, a person or animal learns a response that __ a negative reinforcer.

answer

escape; terminates

question

Ms. Doe, a new teacher, is having a difficult time with her misbehaving second graders. When the principal enters the room, the children behave like perfect angels. in this case, the principal may be thought of as a(n) __

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

According to Tolman, __ is defined as learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement but is not demonstrated until the organism is sufficiently reinforced to do so.

answer

latent learning

question

Which statement best sums up research on learning from video games?

answer

Video games can have both positive and negative effects.

question

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory is called __; bringing to mind the material that has been stored is called?

answer

encoding; retrieval

question

Sensory memory

answer

large capacity; short duration

question

Short-term memory

answer

Very limited capacity; short duration

question

Long-term memory

answer

virtually unlimited; long duration

question

names of president of the U.S.

answer

semantic memory

question

what you did during spring break last year

answer

episodic memory

question

movements involved in playing tennis

answer

nondeclarative memory

question

In which subsystem of long-term memory are responses that make up motor skills stored?

answer

Nondeclarative memory

question

Which of the following methods can detect learning when other methods cannot?

answer

Relearning

question

Identifying a suspect in a line-up?

answer

recognition

question

answering a fill-in-the-blank question on a test

answer

recall

question

having to study less for a comprehensive final exam than for all of the previous exams put together

answer

relearning

question

answering multiple-choice questions in this study guide

answer

recognition

question

reciting one's lines in a play

answer

recall

question

When children learn the alphabet, they often learn "ABCD" and "WXYZ" before learning the letters in between.

answer

Serial position effect

question

Recall is best when it takes place in same context in which information was learned

answer

true

question

Scores on recognition test (mult. choice or true/false) will be higher if testing and learning take place in the same physical environment.

answer

true

question

which best explains why information learned when one is feeling anxious is best recalled when experiencing feeling of anxiety?

answer

state-dependent memory effect

question

which of the not true about schemas?

answer

When a person uses schemas, memories are always accurate

question

in order to prevent plagiarism, it is important to practice __ while you are doing research for a research paper

answer

source monitoring

question

when you remember where you were and what you were doing when you received a shocking piece of news, you are experiencing

answer

flashbulb memory

question

expertise influences reconstructive memory by making __ function more efficiently

answer

working memory

question

cultural values protect some information from the distorting effects of reconstructive memory (true/fals)

answer

true

question

In general, reconstructed memories of unpleasant events become more (positive/negative) over time

answer

positive

question

who plotted the curve of forgetting?

answer

hermann ebbinghaus

question

the curve of forgetting shows that memory loss

answer

occurs most rapidly at first and then levels off to a slow decline

question

encoding failure

answer

not being able to describe the back of a dollar bill

question

consolidation failure

answer

waking up in the hospital and not remembering you had an automobile accident

question

retrieval failure

answer

failing to remember the answer on a test until after you turn in the test

question

repression

answer

forgetting a humiliating childhood experience

question

interference

answer

calling a friend by someone else's name

question

Retroactive interference is most likely to occur when prior knowledge and new information

answer

similar

question

most psychologists accept decay theory as a good explanation for the loss of information from long-term memory (true/false)

answer

false

question

According to the text, a major cause of forgetting is interference (true/false)

answer

true

question

H.M. retained his ability to add to his nondeclarative memory

answer

true

question

the hippocampus itself is involved primarily in the formation of __ memories; the entire hippocampal region is involved primarily in the formation of __ memories

answer

episodic, semantic

question

What is the term for the long-lasting increase in the efficiency of neutral transmission at the synapses that may be the basis for learning and memory at the level of the neurons

answer

long-term potentiation

question

memories of circumstances surrounding threatening situations that elicit the "fight-or-flight response" tend to be more powerful and enduring than ordinary memories (true/false)

answer

true

question

when eyewitnesses incorporate details from an interviewer's questions into their memories of an event, they are demonstrating

answer

the misinformation effect

question

There are fewer errors in eyewitness testimony if

answer

eyewitnesses are identifying a person of their own race

question

experts agree that there is no such thing as recovery memory

answer

false

question

The first step in memory process is

answer

encoding

question

short-term memory seems to have a limited life span less than 30 secs. if you want to keep a phone number in short-term memory, you will need to use some form of __, such as repeating the number several times.

answer

rehearsal

question

Another name for short-term memeory is __

answer

working

question

The capacity of short-term memory can be expanded throught the use of __

answer

chunking

question

When you take a test in psychology, you may be asked to list the names of famous psychologists and their major contributions to psychology. for this task you would use __ memory

answer

semantic

question

a fill in the blank question requires you to __ the correct answers

answer

recall

question

in a list of items, those in the __ position are the items least easily remembered

answer

middle

question

The __ memory effect is the tendency to remember best when in the same physical or psychological state as when the information was encoded

answer

state-dependent

question

__ memories are a special type of source memory

answer

flashbulb

question

When Raquel moved to a new town, she had trouble remembering her new ZIP code. every time she tried to think of her new ZIP code, her old ZIP code seemed to interfere with her recall. this is probably an example of __ interference

answer

proactive

question

Serge found himself in trouble during his physics test -- he could not remember the formulas from class. he realized that he should have been paying more attention during the lectures. his current memory problem is probably due to __ failure

answer

encoding

question

The __ of the brain appears to be very important in the formation of long-term memory

answer

hippocampal region

question

one theory of memory suggests that neutral transmission becomes more efficient is known as long-term __

answer

potentiation

question

A patient survived delicate brain surgery and displayed no signs of personality change or loss of intelligence. days after the surgery the doctor realized that the patient was unable to form long-term memories. he was, however, able to remember everything from before the surgery. the patient was diagnosed as having __

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

the misinformation effect is associated with __ interference and a lack of __

answer

retroactive; source monitoring

question

Freud suggested that traumatic memories are forgotten as a result of __, a form of motivated forgetting

answer

repression

question

The first step in the memory process know as __, when information is transformed into a form that can be stored in short-term memory

answer

encoding

question

The process in which information is stored in permanet memory involves a change in the brain's physiology. This change is know as __

answer

consolidation

question

you are at a party and meet someone you are really interested in. You get that person's phone number but have no way to write it down, so you use the process of __ to get it into memory

answer

rehearsal

question

The kind of memory that has a large capacity but a very short duration is __ memory

answer

sensory

question

Alice's ability to remember all the actions required to ride her motorcycle is due to her repetitive practice, to that point where riding it is almost reflexive. Any set of skills acquired this way is part of __ memory

answer

nondeclarative

question

implicit memory is to explicit memory as __ are to __

answer

motor skills; facts and information

question

Cristina and her friends were talking about some great times they had in high school. recounting those stories as if they had happened yesterday, the friends were relying on __ memory

answer

episodic

question

you use __ memory when you answer questions such as "what is the capital of California?"

answer

semantic

question

an example of good recall is doing well on an essay test (true/false)

answer

true

question

example of good recognition ability is doing well on a fill in the blank test (true/false)

answer

false

question

freud did extensive research on memory. he used nonsense syllables to determine forgetting curves (true/false)

answer

false

question

When she was 16 yr old, sarah was severly injured in a car accident and was unconscious for 14 days. she can remember nothing immediately preceding the accident. this is known as __ amnesia

answer

retrograde

question

with retroactive interference, __ information interferes with __ information

answer

new; old

question

Using __, a person removes an unpleasant memory from consciousness

answer

repression

question

Psychologists doubt the validity of people's recovered memories of having been abused in infancy because the hippocampal region of the infant brain is not sufficiently developed to form such memories (true/false)

answer

true

question

It appears that the __ is important in the formation of episodic memory

answer

Hippocampus

question

Pablo's vivid memory of the day Princess Diana was killed is known as a __ memory

answer

flashbulb

question

Eyewitnesses are more likely to identify the wrong person if the person is of a different race (true/false)

answer

true

question

Autiobiographical memories are highly resistant to reconstructive distorions

answer

false

question

flashbulb memories are a subcategory of __ memory

answer

source

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