Question 1

Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative research?

Accepted Answer

interviewing adolescents about the nature of various cliques at their school

Question 2

Dr. Lesgold finds that students in private schools perform better on achievement tests than do students in public schools. He can conclude that

Accepted Answer

Students\' achievement test scores can be predicted to some extent by the kind of school they attend.

Question 3

Which one of the following is the best example of a teacher\'s pedagogical content knowledge?

Accepted Answer

knowing several effective ways to teach students about negative numbers

Question 4

Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn only from an experimental study?

Accepted Answer

Drugs administered during childbirth affect a child\'s early development.

Question 5

Students with special needs are students who

Accepted Answer

are different enough from their peers that specially adapted instruction or materials are necessary to promote their success at school

Question 6

Which one of the following teaching practices is definitely an example of evidence-based practice?

Accepted Answer

A fourth-grade teacher uses a reading program that research has shown to be effective for fourth graders.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements is consistent with research findings described in the textbook?

Accepted Answer

Students use both their right and left hemispheres for thinking

Question 8

Which one of the following statements about educational research is true?

Accepted Answer

Experimental research allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions.

Question 9

In psychology, a theory can best be characterized as a/an

Accepted Answer

explanation of how and why learning or development occurs

Question 10

A study that tells us whether two variables are associated, but does not tell us if one variable causes or influences the other, is a/an

Accepted Answer

correlational study

Question 11

The textbook offers several suggestions for studying a textbook effectively. Which one of the following is not necessarily recommended?

Accepted Answer

Take detailed notes on the book\'s content.

Question 12

The practice of inclusion involves which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

educating students with special needs in general education settings alongside their nondisabled peers

Question 13

Judging from the textbook\'s discussion of educational research, which one of the following would be the best course of action for teachers to take?

Accepted Answer

Teachers can use findings from educational research to guide their classroom decision making.

Question 14

Experimental research requires which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

manipulating an aspect of the environment

Question 15

Which one of the following statements is consistent with research findings described in the textbook?

Accepted Answer

Students often study differently for different kinds of classroom assessments.

Question 16

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding psychological theories?

Accepted Answer

They are continually modified as new data emerge

Question 17

Which one of the following alternatives best describes learner-centered instruction?

Accepted Answer

instruction that is tailored to individual students\' characteristics and needs

Question 18

Which one of the following is an example of elaboration?

Accepted Answer

When Melissa first learns about inertia, she thinks of examples of it in her own life.

Question 19

In general, experimental studies have which one of the following advantages over descriptive and correlational studies?

Accepted Answer

Only experimental studies allow us to determine what caused something.

Question 20

Which one of the following best describes our current knowledge about the brain and learning?

Accepted Answer

We know that learning is associated with the formation of new synapses and may also involve creation of new astrocytes.

Question 21

Which one of the following is located primarily in the upper and outer parts (the cortex) of the brain?

Accepted Answer

complex thinking (e.g., reasoning, decision making)

Question 22

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to encourage students to correct their existing misconceptions?

Accepted Answer

Show students how new information contradicts what they presently believe.

Question 23

As human beings, we encounter a great many stimuli at any one time. Which one of the following alternatives most accurately reflects educational psychologists\' perspective about how we respond to all these stimuli?

Accepted Answer

We must select the things we think are most important to learn and remember, and ignore the rest.

Question 24

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

Accepted Answer

Students combine pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings

Question 25

Which one of the following statements best describes a concept?

Accepted Answer

a category of similar objects or events

Question 26

In contemporary psychology, a script can best be described as

Accepted Answer

knowledge about the typical sequence of events in an activity

Question 27

Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)?

Accepted Answer

It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute.

Question 28

Three of the following strategies should help students remember academic material over the long run. Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?

Accepted Answer

Preventing confusion by learning each piece of information at a different time

Question 29

An advantage of knowing some skills to automaticity is that such skills

Accepted Answer

require less working memory capacity

Question 30

Which of the following statements does not have a solid foundation in brain-based research?

Accepted Answer

Mental \"relaxation\" is usually not needed because it wastes time that could otherwise be spent learning something new.

Question 31

Three of the following statements accurately characterize rote learning. Which statement is not true of rote learning?

Accepted Answer

Information is stored as one or more visual images.

Question 32

Three of the following are common misconceptions that elementary or secondary students are likely to have. Which one is not necessarily a common misconception?

Accepted Answer

Most animals can survive for months without food.

Question 33

Which one of the following statements best describes psychologists\' proposal that children\'s knowledge sometimes takes the form of theories?

Accepted Answer

Children develop a general set of beliefs about how the world operates.

Question 34

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

Accepted Answer

Ms. Caro reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.

Question 35

Mnemonics probably facilitate learning and memory in a number of ways. Which one of the following is not a potential advantage of mnemonics?

Accepted Answer

They expand the capacity of working memory.

Question 36

Only one of the following teaching practices is consistent with what we know about working memory. Which one?

Accepted Answer

Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should try to focus on main ideas rather than try to remember every detail.

Question 37

Four students are storing this fact: \"Europeans first settled at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565.\" Based on the following information, which student is probably going to have the most difficult time retrieving the information from long-term memory a few days later?

Accepted Answer

Alexander repeats the fact to himself 10 times in a row.

Question 38

Which one of the following statements best describes the three-component model of memory presented in the textbook?

Accepted Answer

All information that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register and working memory.

Question 39

Three of the following are possible reasons why classroom dialogues help students better understand classroom subject matter. Which one is not necessarily a benefit of classroom dialogues?

Accepted Answer

Students are more likely to form visual images related to their ideas when they describe those ideas to others.

Question 40

Three of the following are typical benefits of group discussions in the classroom. Which one is not a typical benefit when learners discuss classroom material?

Accepted Answer

Class discussions promote more rapid learning of classroom subject matter.

Question 41

Three of the following statements about culture are true. Which one is false?

Accepted Answer

A culture tends to remain constant and unchanging despite migration, technological advances, and other changes in society.

Question 42

positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner finds desirable

Question 43

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding individual achievement and competition in many Native American, Mexican American, and Southeast Asian cultures?

Accepted Answer

Many students from these cultures are uncomfortable with competition and may prefer to help their classmates rather than compete with them.

Question 44

Three of the following strategies are recommended for working with students from low-income families. Which one is not recommended?

Accepted Answer

Keep expectations for their academic performance low.

Question 45

An incentive is likely to be an effective motivator for students only when

Accepted Answer

students believe it is within their reach

Question 46

Three of the following statements about a community of learners are accurate. Which one is not accurate?

Accepted Answer

Students are urged to accept all of their classmates\' ideas as being equally valuable and correct.

Question 47

Primary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

stimuli that satisfy biological needs

Question 48

Which one of the following best describes a mediated learning experience?

Accepted Answer

An adult helps a child make sense of a new situation.

Question 49

Three of the following are differences that teachers may find among children from some cultural backgrounds. Which behavior is probably not the result of a child\'s cultural background per se?

Accepted Answer

Some children may be accustomed to \"talking back\" to authority figures when they disagree.

Question 50

It is essential that teachers follow through with the reinforcement they have promised for certain student behaviors. Why is such follow-through important?

Accepted Answer

When expected reinforcement doesn\'t occur, students feel punished.

Question 51

Psychologists propose that three of the following are essential for students to exhibit behavior they have seen a model demonstrate. Which one is not necessarily essential?

Accepted Answer

reinforcement for good performance

Question 52

Community of learners

Accepted Answer

a classroom in which a cooperative spirit of helping one another learn prevails

Question 53

a contingency contract

Accepted Answer

Ms. Frago has several students who are chronic misbehavers. She meets individually with each student, and together she and the student agree to a plan for improving the student\'s behavior and a suitable reinforcement for appropriate behavior change. Ms. Frago is using

Question 54

shaping

Accepted Answer

Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown. His teacher, Ms. Washington, used to laugh at Warren\'s funny remarks but is now trying to discourage Warren\'s disruptive behavior by ignoring his jokes. In spite of Ms. Washington\'s attempts to ignore Warren, Warren sometimes tells a joke so funny that Ms. Washington laughs in spite of herself. Rather than decreasing his joke telling, Warren begins telling even more outrageous jokes. Inadvertently, Ms. Washington is modifying Warren\'s joke-telling behavior through

Question 55

Behaviors for two different cultural groups may differ on average, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting the behavior of specific individuals.

Accepted Answer

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about cultural differences among students?

Question 56

John is caught cheating on a homework assignment. He suffers no consequences for doing so, even though cheating is in clear violation of school policy. Given what psychologists have learned about what happens when consequences of learners\' behaviors are inconsistent with learners\' expectations, which one of the following predictions can we make about John\'s future behavior?

Accepted Answer

He will cheat more frequently.

Question 57

Three of the following teaching strategies should promote critical thinking. Which strategy, although beneficial in other ways, will not necessarily promote critical thinking skills?

Accepted Answer

Have students relate new material to things they have already learned.

Question 58

Researchers have observed cultural differences in three of the following areas. In which area are there least likely to be cultural differences?

Accepted Answer

existence of a central executive that oversees learning

Question 59

Many children lack metacognitive knowledge. This is reflected in the fact that they

Accepted Answer

don\'t know very much about how to learn

Question 60

Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to metacognition and study strategies. Which one is not accurate?

Accepted Answer

By high school, most students have developed an effective way to study.

Question 61

Three of the following are accurate statements about epistemic beliefs. Which statement is not accurate?

Accepted Answer

Young children are apt to believe that conflicting points of view on a topic may be equally valid; as they get older, they become increasingly convinced that one perspective is almost invariably more valid than others.

Question 62

Critical thinking can best be described as involving

Accepted Answer

judging the credibility of information or arguments

Question 63

Three of the following are accurate statements about factors that affect transfer. Which statement is not necessarily accurate?

Accepted Answer

Students are more likely to transfer things they learn in school than things they learn outside of school.

Question 64

Students are more likely to be successful problem solvers and creative thinkers in a given subject area when they

Accepted Answer

know the subject matter well

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