Epidermiology – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Epidermiology is a combination of disiplines used to |
Identify disease Deterimine cause of disease Observe the distribution of a disease in a population Who, What, When, and Where |
| Robert Koch came up with what? |
| Germ theory of disease- a specific orginizim causes a specific disease |
| Pathology |
| The scientific study of disease |
| Etiology |
| The study of the causation of disease |
| Etiological Agent |
| any microorganism or toxin which causes a disease. |
| Pathogenesis |
| The development of disease, The origin of the disease and the path leading to that disease |
| Infection |
| The succsesful invasion of a body by a pathogenic microorgansim |
| Disease |
| Any adverse internal condition severe enough to interfere with normal bodily functioning. |
| Transient Microbia |
| remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disapearing. |
| Normal Microbia |
| Normal Microbia remain a part of the a person throughout their entire life. found on skin, mucos membrane of the digestive tract, upper resperatory tract, distal portion of the urethra |
| What are the three types of symbiotic relationships |
Mutualism Communalism Paricitism |
| Mutualism |
| Both members benefit from relationship |
| Communalism |
| One member of the relationship benefits without significantly harming the other |
| Parasitism |
| A parasite benifits from the host while harming it. |
| Opportunist pathogen |
| microorganisms that cause diseae when the immune system is surppressed, when the microbial antagonism is reduced, or when introduced into an abnormal area of the body |
| Normal Microbia protect the Host by |
Microbial Antagonism occupying nitches that pathogens might occupy producing acids producing bacteriocons |
| Bactericons |
| substance produced by bacteria to prevent growth of similar starins |
| Probiotics |
live microbes applied to or ingested into the body beneficial effect acidophils or lactobaccilus |
| Sequence of Events of infectionor disease |
Occurance depends on host resitance and predisosing factors Reservior of pathogens transmition of pathogens Adherence/invasion/colinization/multiplication injury/pathogenisis Exit host Survive to reinfect |
Classifiying a disease Sign |
| In pathology, objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed or measured by others. |
Classifiyng a disease Symptom |
| Subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone |
Classifying a disease Syndrome |
| A group of symptoms, signs, and diseases that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal conditon |
Classifing a disease Sequalae |
Post infection changes in the body due to an infection May be felt sooner or later Post measles sspe- Subcletorizing Panenchphalitis Endrocarditis from Rumatic fever (streptococcus)
|
| Communicapble disease |
A disease that can be transfered from person to person composed of a Reservior Portal of entry Portal of exit |
| Noncommunicapable disease |
| A disease that cannot be trasmitted from person to person |
| Incidence |
| The number of new cases in an area in a given amount of time |
| Prevalance |
| The total number of cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given amount of time. |
| Morbidity |
| any change in the state of health |
| Motality |
| The amount of people that are killed |
| Latent Disease |
| any disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active |
| Sporadic Disease |
| A disease that occurs in onnly a few scattered cases within a given area or poulation during a given period of time |
| Inapperent disease |
| A disease that is not clearly seen |
| Slow infection |
| An infection having a long incubation period, caused by a slow virus or prion |
| Herd immunity |
Immunity of a population Immunity is a combination of natural and aqquired immunity Many immune individuals to a disease in a population may act to decrease the severity and duration of a disease |
| Local infection |
| an infetion involving bacteria that invade the body at a specific point and remain there multiplying until eliminated |
| Systematic Infection |
| an inection involving bacteria that invade the body at a specific point and remain there, multiplying, until eliminated |
| focal infection |
| a local infection that causes infection and symptoms in other parts of the body. example=tetnus |
| Bacterianemia |
| the presance of bacteria in the blood. example= Stap Auerous and Strep Pneummia. |
| Toxenima |
| The presence of poison in blood called toxins |
| Virelnemia |
| Viral infection of the blood. |
| Primary infection |
| The originating infection. The orginal outbreak of an illness which the body has no opportunity to build antibodies against. |
| Secondary infection |
| a secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment of another, already existing infection, it may result from treatment itself or from alterations in the immune system. |
| Subclinical infection |
| infection that does not show any signs or symptoms |
| Incubation Period |
| Stage of infectious disease process between infection an occurance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease. |
| Factors that determine the epidemiology of a disease |
Population characteristics Dose Incubation Period |
| Stages of Development of a disease |
Incubation period Prodominal period Period of illness Period of Decline Period of Convalenence |
| Pridominal period |
| In the infectious disease process, the short stage of generalized, mild symptoms that preceeds illness |
| Period of Illness |
| period of infectious disease process, the stage with the most severe signs and symptoms |
| Period of Decline |
| in infectious disease process, the stage of declining signs and symptoms |
| Period of Convalescence |
| In the infectious disease process, the period no signs and symptoms. |
| Resivour of inection |
| living or nonliving sources of infectious disease |
| Human reserviours |
| people reserviors |
| NonHuman reserviors |
| Animals |
| Enviormental reserviors |
| water, food, and soil |
| Zoonones |
Animal diseases- Mad Cow and Rabies Diseases that are natualy spread from usual animal host to human |
| TORCH disease |
| a special group of diseases that may be aqquired by a woman during pregnancy |
Transmition of disease Horizontal |
person to person involving contact Ingestion of food and water via a living agent such as an insect |
Transmition of a disease Vertical |
Transplacental Mother to child during childbirth TORCH disease |
| Direct contact transmition |
| Transmition of a pathogen via bodily contact |
| Indirect contact transmition |
| Spread of a pathogen using an inatimite object (fomite) |
| Droplet Transmition |
| Spread of a pathogen from one host to another via aerosols, coughing sneezing and exhaling. |
| Foodborne vehicle transmittion |
contaminatied animal products cross contamination inproper handling/cooking/handling of food |
| Waterborne vehicle Transmition |
| Sewage contaminated water |
| Airborne vehicle transmition |
| Inhalation of particles or droplet nuclei |
| Vector |
| Transmition of disease causeing agent via a living organism ussually an arthropod or an archnid |
| Mechanical vector |
| body part of vector picks up and transmits disease |
| Biological Vector |
Vector is required as part of parasites life vector injects infecting agent during blood meal Vector deficates and deposits infectious angent on individuals skin |
| Nosocomical Infection |
(hospital aquired infection) are required as the result of a hospital stay 5-15% of all hospital patients aquire nosomical infections. |
| Nosomical Infection transmition |
medical infection health care personel airborne |
| How can we prevent patients and health care personel from developing a nosomical infection? |
| Using Universal Percautions |
| Relative frequency of nosomical infections |
Urinary tract infections- 34% Surgical Infections- 17% Lower resperatory- 13% Bacteriamia because of catheranization- 14% other sites including skin- 22% |
| Causes of Nosomical infections |
Gram positive cocci 34% (28%-87% R) Gram negative rods 32% (3%-34% R) C. Diff 17% (17% R) Fungi 10% |
| Emerging ifectious disease |
| Diseases that are new, increaseing in incedence, or showing the potential to increase in the near future. |
| Contributing factors to emerginf diseases |
Evolution of new strains Inappropriate use of antibiotics or pesticides changes in weather patterns Modern transportation (west nile) Ecological disaster, war, settlments (coccidomycosics) Animal control measures (lyme disease) Public health faliure (Diptheria) |
| Epidermiology |
| study of where, when, why, and how diseases occur. |
| John Snow |
| mapped the occurance of cholera in London |
| Ingaz Semmelwies |
| showed that hand washing decreased the number of puerperal fever cases |
| Florance nightengale |
| Showed that improved sanitation decreasees the epidemic typus |
| Descriptive Epidermiological Study |
collection and analysis of data regarding the occurance of diseases (Snow) describes who where and when. |
| Analytical Epidermiological Study |
| comparison of a diseased gorup and a healthy group (nightengale) |
| Exsperimental epidermiological study |
| study of a disease using contolled exsperiments (semmelweis) |
| Cas Reporting epidermiological studies |
| heath care workers are required to report specific diseases to local, state, and national offices |
| National notifiable diseases epidermiological studies |
| pycians are required to report occurance |
| Cross sectional Study |
| anyalitical- looks at cohorts in one point in time |
| Retrospective Study |
| Looks at the past for answers |
| Prospective Study |
| Follows a cohort to determine the rate of a certain outcome |
| placebo |
| an inactive substance administered to a group in a control trial in order that any effects of exsperimental treatment can be determined |
| double blind study |
| Exsperiment in which neither the reasearcher nor the patient know which treatment the subject recieves |
| Control Group |
| The standard comparison against which observation or conclusion may be checked for valididty |
| Exsperimental group |
| the group that is given somthing to be measuered |
