Epidemiology Quiz 3 – Flashcards
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True or False: Analytic epidemiologic studies focus on causal associations between exposure and outcomes.
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1) True
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True or False: A case-control study can examine only a single outcome or a limited set of outcomes.
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1) True
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True or False: Ecologic studies use the group as the unit of analysis rather than the individual.
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1) True
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True or False: An intervention designed for the purpose of educational and behavioral changes at the population level is a clinical trial.
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1) False
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True or False: Confounding means that the effect of one outcome to another has been distorted by an extraneous factor that has entered into the equation.
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1) False
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True or False: The Hawthorne effect is a bias that results from participants' knowledge of being in a study.
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1) True
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An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an: A. Odds Ratio B. Ecological correlation C. Ecological fallacy D. None of the above
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C. Ecological fallacy
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The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the: A. Odds ratio B. Relative risk C. Population risk difference D. All of the above
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B. Relative risk
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Groups that are selected for an ecologic study might be residents of a particular: A. State B. County C. Census tract D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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Which facto(s) distinguish study designs from one another? A. Data collection methods B. Unit of observation C. Timing of data collection D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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Randomized controlled trials include: A. Prophylactic trials B. Therapeutic trials C. Clinical trials D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study? A. Prospective cohort study B. Case-controlled study C. Cross-sectional study D. Retrospective cohort study
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A. Prospective cohort study
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Randomized controlled trials contain which of the following components: A. Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria B. Blinding or masking to prevent bias C. Comparable measurement of outcomes in treatment and control conditions D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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All of the following are advantages of cohort studies except: A. Exposure factor is well defined B. Permit direct observation of risk C. Exposures can be misclassified D. Can study uncommon exposures in a population
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C. Exposures can be misclassified
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Random assignment of subjects to study groups help to control for: A. Directionality of exposure B. Biases due to confounding C. Timing of data collection D. None of the above
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B. Biases due to confounding
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All of the following are disadvantages of case-controlled studies except: A. Measurement of exposure may be inaccurate B. Provides indirect estimates of risk C. Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions D. Representativeness of cases and controls may be unknown
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C. Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions
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Groups that are selected for an ecologic study might be residents of a particular: A. All-cause mortality B. Occupational injuries C. Breast cancer mortality D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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Used in case-controlled studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the: A. Odds ratio B. Population risk difference C. Attributable risk D. All of the above
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A. Odds ratio
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The ability of a screening test to correctly identify all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to: A. Sensitivity B. Specificity C. Positive predictive value D. Negative predictive value
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A. Sensitivity
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The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a: A. Risk B. Hazard C. Dread D. All of the above
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A. Risk
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The relationship between the amount of exposure and the occurrence of unwanted health effects refers to: A. Risk assessment B. Dose-response assessment C. Exposure assessment D. Risk characterization
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B. Dose-response assessment
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When referring to a toxic substance, exposure assessment must take into account: A. Where the exposure occurs B. How much the exposure occurs C. How the substance is absorbed by the body D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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The ability of the measuring instrument to give consistent results in repeated trials is known as: A. Reliability B. Predictability C. Specificity D. Sensitivity
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A. Reliability
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A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters is known as: A. Agenda setting B. A policy C. Evidence-based public health D. All of the above
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B. A policy
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A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society is known as: A. An interest group B. Stakeholders C. Policy actors D. All of the above
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A. An interest group
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Individuals who are involved in policy formulation, including members of the Legislature, citizens, lobbyists, and advocacy-group representatives are known as: A. Policy actors B. Stakeholders C. Interest groups D. Population representatives
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A. Policy actors
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Which of the following is (are) an example of "simple" health policy questions that pertain to the use of screening tests? A. Who should be screened? B. What conditions should be screened? C. At what age should screening begin? D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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The adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical data refers to: A. Policy implementation B. Policy establishment C. Evidence-based public health D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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Which of the following is (are) among the ways that epidemiologists can contribute to health policy? A. Serving as an expert witness B. Working as an advocate C. Conducting and disseminating research D. All of the above
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D. All of the above
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A definitive diagnosis is determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as: A. Positive predictive value B. Reliability C. Gold standard D. Valid test
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C. Gold standard
