Epidemilogy Fresno State 109 1st exam – Flashcards
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The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age—is known as
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Risk
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The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of nor
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Epidemic
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A method for providing quantitative measurements of risks to health is known as:
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Risk assessment
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Illness due to a specific disease or health condition is known as:
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Morbidity
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Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is known as:
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Determinant
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Which of the following is considered a key characteristic of epidemiology?
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A. Distribution B. Population focus C. Quantification D. All of the above
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Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe:
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Black Death
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refers to the occurrence in a community or region go cases of illness specific health related behavior or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
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epidemic
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occurring worldwide or over a very wide area crossing international boundaries an
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pandemic
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concerned with distribution and determinants of health and disease and morbidity in populations.
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epidemiology
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is all the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together.
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population
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which pertain either to contact with a disease-causing factor or to the amount of that impinges upon a group or individuals
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exposures
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causes death.
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morality
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findings regarding the development of a vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox were published
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Edward Jenner
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was one of the founders of the field toxicology
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paracelsus
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suggested that environmental factors such as water quality and the air implicated in the causation of diseases.
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hippocrates
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involves the prevention of disease before it occurs.
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primary prevention
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takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis includes activities that limit the progression of disease.
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secondary
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directed toward the later stages of pathogenesis includes programs for restoring the patient's optimal functioning
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tertiary
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True or false , The term epidemiological transition describes a shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious diseases to causes associated with chronic diseases.
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True
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developed four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease.
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Robert Koch
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is said to be the first to employ quantitative methods to describe population vital statistics.
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John Graunt
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Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of:
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A causal association
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exemplified a research project that violated ethical standards for research
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the Tuskegee study
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Epidemiology is an observational science that capitalizes on naturally occurring situations.
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True
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T or F . epidomilogy is an observational science
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true
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Bubonic plague was caused by
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Yersinia pestis
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Specializations that contribute to epidemiology include:
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A. Sociology B. History C. Law
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The individual whose name is associated with a natural experiment during an outbreak of cholera in London was:
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John Snow
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When the incidence rate of a disease increases, the prevalence will:
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increase
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is defined as "The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another."
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A ratio
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Which factors can decrease an observed prevalence?
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1. Decrease in incidence 2. Improved cure rates of disease
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examples of a ratio
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Rates Proportions Percentages
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A type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator
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Proportion
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A proportion that has been multiplied by 100
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percentage
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The number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time.
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Prevalence
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All cases of a disease, or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population from which the cases are derived
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Point prevalence
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Cases diagnosed at any time during the person's lifetime
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Lifetime prevalence
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What is the relationship between incidence and prevalence >
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Incidence and prevalence are interrelated concepts.
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What information is provided by epidemiological measures?
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Epidemiologic measures are helpful in making descriptive statements about morbidity and mortality.
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is the rate of new (or newly diagnosed) cases of the disease
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Incidence
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using health related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response
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syndromic surveillance
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refers to the generalizability of the findings of an epidemiologic study to the population
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representativeness of data
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number of years that a person is expected to live at any particular year
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life expectancy
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number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus the number of late fetal deaths during a year
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Perinatal mortality rate
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number of infant deaths among infants aged 0-365 days during a year divided by the number of live births during the same year expressed as the rate per 1000 live births.
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infant mortality rate
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refers to the number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 years in the area.
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general fertility rate
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T OR F Representativeness, or external validity, refers to the generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been taken.
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True
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The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as:
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Public health surveillance
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The death of a fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered is known as:
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fetal mortality
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The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the:
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Crude birth rate
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At the top of the asthma surveillance pyramid is
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Mortality
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Studies of the effects of exposure to teratogens have used data from
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Birth Certificates
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A centralized database for collection of information about diseases such as cancer is known as:
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Registry
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encompasses maternal death that result from causes associated with pregnancy.
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maternal morality
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T OR F the maternal mortality rate encompasses maternal deaths that result from causes associated with pregnancy.
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TRUE
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T OR F By law, physicians and other health care providers must report cases of certain diseases, known as reportable and notifiable diseases, to health authorities.
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true
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1. The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the: A. Perinatal fertility rate B. General fertility rate C. Crude birth rate D. Fetal mortality rate
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crude birth rate
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Number of maternal deaths ascribed to childbirth dvided by the number of live births times 100,00 live births during a year
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Maternal Mortality Rate
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TRUE OR FALSE The U.S. Bureau of the Census provides information that is useful for defining the denominator in rates.
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True
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what are some of the organizations that provide international data ?
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WHO, European union,
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what are the vital events ?
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Births Deaths Marriages Divorce Fetal Deaths
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what are some examples of surveillance systems?
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1. Communicable and Infectious Disease 2. Non-infectious disease 3. Risk factors for chronic disease
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BRFSS
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used to monitor state level behavior risk Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
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Reportable and Notifiable Diseases
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AIDS STDs Rubella Tetanus Measles Plague Foodborne Illness
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what are public health surveillance programs used for ?
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The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena
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what are registries used for ?
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for collection of information about a disease
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what is the purpose of state cancer registries
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To track Cancer Patients To select cases for Case-Control studies
