EPID 4070: Test 2 – Flashcards
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Ecologic study
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Study where the unit of analysis is the group, not the individual; can be used for generating hypotheses; level of exposure for each individual in the unit studied is unknown
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Ecologic comparison study
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involves an assessment of the correlation between exposure rates and disease rates among different groups over the same time period
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Ecologic trend study
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involves correlation of changes in exposure with changes in disease within the same community, country, or other aggregate unit
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Ecologic fallacy
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observations made at the group level may not represent the exposure-disease relationship at the individual level
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Ecologic fallacy
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occurs when incorrect inferences about the individual are made form group level data
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Cross-sectional study
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study during a single period of observation where exposure and disease histories are collected simultaneously; exposure and disease measures obtained at the individual level
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Case-Control Studies
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study in which one group has the disease of interest, and a comparable group is free from the disease
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Case-Control Studies
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study that identifies possible causes of disease by finding out how two groups (one control and one case) differ with respect to exposure to some factor
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Temporality
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refers to the timing of information about cause and effect
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Cohort
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a population group, or subset thereof, that is followed a period of time
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Cohort
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study in which members experience a common exposure associated with a specific setting or they share a non-specific exposure associated with a general classification
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Wade Hampton Frost
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popularized cohort analysis method--arranged tuberculosis mortality rates in a table with age on one axis and year of death on the other
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life table method
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gives estimates for survival during time intervals and present the cumulative survival probability at the end of the interval
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cohort life table
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shows the mortality experience of all persons born during a particular year
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Period life table
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enables us to project the future life expectancy of persons born during the year as well as the remaining life expectancy of persons who have attained a certain age
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YPPL
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years of potential life lost
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DALYs
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disability-adjusted life years
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YPLL
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computed for each invididual in a population by subtracting that person's life span from the average life expectancy of the population
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DALYs
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adds the time a person has a disability to the time lost to early death
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Cohort study
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start with a group of subjects who lack a positive history of the outcome of interest and are at risk for the outcome; include at least two observation points
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Population-based cohort study
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study that includes either an entire population or a representative sample of the population
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Exposure-based cohort study
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study conducive for rare exposures--certain groups, such as occupational groups, may have higher exposures than the general population to specific hazards
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Prospective cohort study
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study characterized by determination of exposure levels at baseline (present) and follow-up for occurrence of disease at some time i the future
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Retrospective cohort study
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study tha makes use of historical data to determine exposure level at some baseline in the past
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Historical Prospective Cohort study
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study that makes use of both retrospective features and prospective features; also known as an ambispective cohort study
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Nested Case-Control Study
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a type of case control-study in which cases and controls are drawn from the population in a cohort study
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relative risk
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(incidence rate in the exposed)/(incidence rate in the unexposed)
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Risk of disease in exposed group
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Ie
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Risk of disease in unexposed group
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Iu
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Risk of disease in population
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Ip
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relative risk
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Ie/Iu
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attributable risk
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Ie-Iu
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attributable fraction
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(Ie-Iu)/Ie
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population attributable risk
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Ip-Iu
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Population attributable fraction
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(Ip-Iu)/Ip3
