English 170: Chapter 1: Essay Writing Basics
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5 pre-writing steps?
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1. pre-writing 2. find support 3.organize 4. compose 5. revise/edit
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Thesis Statement
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-main point of essay -what you want to prove -at end of intro -generalization that is applicable to whole essay
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Freewriting
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-pre-writing technique -write on a topic without editing
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Questioning
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-pre-writing technique -list questions about the topic
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Brainstorming
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-pre-writing technique -list associations with a subject in order they occur to you -look for connections
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Clustering
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-p.w. technique -spatial technique -generate associations with a subject
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Support
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-evidence to prove claim
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Outline
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-linear or graphic representation of main points and sub points -shows essay structure
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\"Top-Down\" approach
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-revision technique -start with essay organization, end with grammar/spelling
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Concision
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-doesn't waste words
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Introduction
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-previews essay -announce purpose, topic, and thesis. -interests reader.
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Claim
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-assertion about the topic appearing in the thesis statement and topic sentences
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Logical Opening
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-create reader interest by starting with generalization and narrowing the thesis
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Dramatic Opening
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-create reader interest by starting with question, illustration, description, other attention-grabbing technique
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Middle Paragraph
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-start with topic sentence -rest of paragraph involved support
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3 parts of an effective paragraph
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-unity -coherence -well devleoped
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Unity
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-only one idea developed throughout paragraph
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Coherence
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-ideas are logically laid out with clear connections -easy to follow
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reader-based prose
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-clear, accessible writing designed for intended reader
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How to make paragraphs easy to follow
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-logical sentence order -organization -precise language (use best words) -appropriate transitions -selective rephrasing (make clear) -repeat key words
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Different kinds of transitions? (transitions of...) (5)
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-limit or concession (admittedly, although, of course) -cause and effect (as a result, consequently) -illustration (after all, even, for example, such as) -contrast or qualification (although, by contrast, despite, however) -summary or conclusion (in short, in sum)
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Rhetorical Patterns
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-methods for organizing and presenting info in essays and paragraphs
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description
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-to create an image or picture of something -use images or other senses to involve reader, detail
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narration
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-to tell story -relates an occurence
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process analysis
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-to show how something works or is done -breaks down to steps
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comparison and contrast
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discuss similarities or differences
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Other Rhetorical Patterns
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-example -cause and effect -reasons -classification -cost-benefit analysis -analogy
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Credibility
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-knowledge, reliable, and fair
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Circular conclusion
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-reinforces thesis
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Spiral conclusion
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-suggests applications for further research
