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Five Elements of Plot

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Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution

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Exposition

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This is the beginning of the story where the characters and the setting are revealed.

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Rising Action

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This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict(s) is revealed (events between the exposition and the climax).

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Climax

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The moment of the greatest emotional intensity or the turning point of the story.

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Falling Action

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The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and resolution)

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Resolution

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The part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.

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Types of Narration

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First, Third, Limited and Omniscient POV.

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Third Person POV

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The narrator does not participate in the action of the story as one of the characters, but he or she lets us know exactly how the characters feel. We learn about the characters through this outside voice.

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First Person POV

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The narrator does participate in the action of the story. They should be questioned and could be unreliable.

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Omniscient POV

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A narrator that knows everything; all knowing narrator.

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Limited Omniscient POV

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A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character.

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Types of Characters

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Flat, Round, Foil, Static, Dynamic, Antagonist, Protagonist

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Flat Character

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A minor character in a work of fiction who does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story

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Round Character

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A major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it. They tend to be more fully developed and described.

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Foil Character

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A character that shows qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of another character with the objective to highlight the traits of the other character. The term foil, though generally being applied for a contrasting character, may also be used for any comparison that is drawn to portray a difference between two things.

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Static Character

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Minor characters in a work of fiction who do not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story.

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Dynamic Character

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A major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it.

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Antagonist

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A character, group of characters, institution, or concept that stands in or represents opposition against which the protagonist (s) must contend.

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Protagonist

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The main character in a story, novel, drama, or other literary work, the character that the reader or audience empathizes with.

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Types of Settings

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Temporal and Spatial

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Temporal Setting

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The time and/or historical era in which a story takes place.

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Spatial Setting

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The space or place in which a story takes place.

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Allegory

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A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

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Allusion

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an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference

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Flashbacks

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Interruptions that writers do to insert past events in order to provide background or context to the current events of a narrative.

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Foreshadowing

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A warning or indication of a future event.

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Irony

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The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

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Metaphor

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A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

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Personification

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The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

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Simile

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A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (using like or as).

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Symbol

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A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.

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Theme

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The subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.

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"20/20"

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Linda Brewer

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"Blackberries in June"

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Ron Rash

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"The Shabbat"

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Marjane Satrapi

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"Cathedral"

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Raymond Carver

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"The Cask of Amontillado"

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Edgar Allan Poe

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"Sonny's Blues"

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James Baldwin

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"Dead Confederates"

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Ron Rash

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"The Yellow Wallpaper"

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Charlotte Perkins Gilman

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"Interpreter of Maladies"

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Jhumpa Lahiri

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"A Pair of Tickets"

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Amy Tan

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"A Jury of Her Peers"

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Susan Glaspell

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"One Foot in Eden"

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Ron Rash

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Onomatopoeia

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A word that phonetically imitates, resembles or suggests the source of the sound that it describes.

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Alliteration

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The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

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Caesura

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A complete pause in a verse or musical composition. In poetry, a masculine __________ follows a stressed syllable while a feminine ________________ follows an unstressed syllable.

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Stanza

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A group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse.

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Denotation

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The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.

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Connotation

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An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

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Ambiguity

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Uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language.

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Analogy

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A comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

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Sounds of Poetry

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Meter and Rhythm

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Meter

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A measure of stressed and unstressed syllables

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Rhythm

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The variation of stressed and unstressed elements in the flow of speech

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External Rhyme Schemes

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a pattern of words that rhyme on the "outside" edge of the poem. The last syllable of the last word in each stanza rhymes.

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"The River Merchant's Wife"

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Ezra Pound

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"Head, Heart"

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Lydia Davis

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"Barbie Doll"

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Marge Piercy

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"Sympathy"

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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"The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock"

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T.S. Eliot

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"On Being Brought from Africa to America"

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Phyllis Wheatley

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"Slim and Cunning Hands"

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Walter DeLa Mare

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"The Word Plum"

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Helen Chasin

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"Blackberry Eating"

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Galway Kinnell

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"The Raven"

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Edgar Allen Poe

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"My Papa's Waltz"

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Theodore Roethke

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"Sestina"

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Elizabeth Bishop

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"On Loving Two Equally"

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Aphra Behn

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"The Dance"

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William Carlos Williams

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"The Vacuum"

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Howard Nemerov

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"The Flea"

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John Donne

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Hubris

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Destructive Pride

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Hamartia

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A fatal fall leading to the downfall of a tragic hero or heroine.

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Tragic Hero

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A man who is not eminently good and just, whose misfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity, but by some error or frailty. This hero is thus characterized as virtuous but not "eminently good," suggesting a noble or important personage who is upstanding and morally inclined and yet nonetheless subject to human error.

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Elements of a Tragic Hero

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They commit a terrible crime without realizing how foolish and arrogant they have been. Then, slowly, they realize their error as the world crumbles around them. They are usually the cause (or play a part) of this downfall.

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Catharsis

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The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions

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Chorus

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A group of performers who comment on the main action, typically speaking and moving together.

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Props

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A small object such as a book, weapon etc, used by actors in a play or film.

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Stage Direction

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Part of the script of a play that tells the actors how they are to move or to speak their lines. Enter, exit, and exeunt are stage directions.

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Staging

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The process of selecting, designing, adapting to, or modifying the performance space for a play or film.

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Tragedy

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A play that deals with Love, Loss, Pride, the abuse of power, and the fraught relationships between men and the gods.

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