Voltaic Cell with Electrolyte Solution
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a device that sets up a spontaneous chemical reaction to produce electricity by using a barrier to separate the oxidation and reduction reactions.
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voltaic cell
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a solid material that conducts electricity that must be present to provide a site for each half-reaction -commonly a meta immersed in an electrolyte solution containing a salt of the same metal
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electrode
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the electrode at which OXIDATION OCCURS (loss of electrons)
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anode (-)
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the electrode at which REDUCTION OCCURS (gain of electrons)
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cathode (+)
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allows ions to flow so charge balance is maintained -electricity will not flow unless there is a complete circuit between the anode and the cathode.
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salt bride
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process of passing electric current to cause a nonspontaneous redox reaction to occur *Used to stop corrosion*
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electrolysis (electroplating)
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slow deterioration of metals due to interaction with the environment *odixation-reduction reaction*
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corrosion
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diatomic metal (have nO fear....) atomic number: 8 atomic mass: O?- O?- electron configuration:
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atomic mass 16 oxygen ozone 1s² 2s² 2p?
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What is the #1 abundant element in the universe? 75% typically found in compounds -pH scale (acidosis- excess/ alkalosis-deficient)
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hydrogen (H)
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what is the #2 most abundant element in the universe
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Helium (He)
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what is the #4 most abundant element in the universe? 2nd most abundant element in the human body common element of all known life -typically found in compounds (rarely atomic)
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Carbon (C)
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diatomic metal (Have no fear....) atomic number: atomic mass: 1 H? electron configuration:
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Hydrogen atomic number: 1 atomic mass: 1 H?- hydrogent gas electron configuration: 1s¹
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diatomic metal (have no fear...of ice Cold...) atomic number: atomic mass: 12 solid- graphite solid-diamond electron configuration:
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Carbon atomic number: 6 atomic mass: 12 H?- hydrogent gas electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p² (6 electrons mean 4 for bonding)
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all gases have relatively ______ densities in comparison to liquids and solids, due to the large amount of empty space between molecules. how do we describe gases?
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low -by their density
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the amount of force applied per unit area
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pressure
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what are the factors that affect properties of gas (try and write out)
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vol, pressure, temperature, amount of particles (measured in mol)
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relates gas volume and gas pressure, decreased volume creates increased pressure
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boyle's law
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P?V?- ________ state P?V?-________ state If V is up than P is down (inspiration) if V is down and P is up (exhalation)
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starting resulting
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as volume increases pressure ___________ and air flows _______ the lungs =______________
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decreases into inhalation
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as volume _____________, pressure increases and air flows ______ the lungs = expiration
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decreases out
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the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases *as the temperature increases, the volume increases* density inside lessens must use Kelvin for temperature.
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Charles's Law p1
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For a given amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to temperature on an absolute scale
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Charles's Law
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gases combine in simple whole-number volume proportions at constant temperature and pressure
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Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes
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The volume occupied by a gas at a given temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of gas particles and thus the moles of gas.
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Avogardo's hypothesis (Gay Lussac Law)
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as the moles of gas increase the volume increases, direct linear relationship.
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Avogardo's hypothesis p2
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at a given pressure and temperature, equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of moles or particles
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Avogardo's Hypothesis *most important*
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Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. (the partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture)
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
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Transfer of of Oxygen molecules from the lungs to the bloodstream is dependent on a pressure gradient. -pressure helps the oxygen molecules go across the alveolar membrane. *Higher the pressure gradient, the easier the molecule moves*
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, respiration
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When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. *as the pressure increases, the solubility increases* (soda is carbonated under high pressure)
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Henry's Law
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When a gas is dissolved in a liquid, temperature increases, the solubility decreases
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Henry Law p1
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CO2 most soluable O2 1/20th soluable of CO2 nitrogen is ______
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nitrogen practically insoluble in water
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used to explain the behavior of gases and the properties of the gas laws
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kinetic molecular theory
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-exist in all substances -it is the only intermolecular force present in NONPOLAR substances -result of temporary electron cloud distortions and temporary dipoles *All atoms and molecules*
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London Dispersion forces
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polar molecules (permanent dipoles) attract one another *POLAR MOLECULES*
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dipole-dipole forces
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two dipoles, one containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element, and the other containing electronegative containing element attract one and other.
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hydrogen bonding force
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occurs when polar molecules containing unpaired electrons and a hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
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hydrogen bonding force 2
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molecules with: H-F bonds H-O bonds H-N bonds
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hydrogen bonding force 3
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What are the 6 main phase states- write them out
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1. evaporation 2. condensation 3. freezing 4. melting (fusion) 5. sublimation 6. deposition
