question

data

answer

collections of observations, such as measurements, genders, or survey responses.

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datum

answer

a single data vaule

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statistics

answer

science of planning studies and experiments; obtaining data; and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting those data and then drawing conclusions based on them

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population

answer

the complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered

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cesus

answer

the collection of data from every member of the population

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sample

answer

a subcollection of members selected from a population

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voluntary response sample (self-selected sample)

answer

one in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included

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statistical significance

answer

achieved in a study when we get a result that is very unlikely to occur by chance

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practical significance

answer

it is possible that some treatment or finding is effective, but common sense might suggest that the treatment or finding does not make enough of a difference to justify its use or the be practical

question

how to find the percentage of

answer

% of respondents = %/100 x respondents

question

parameter

answer

a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population

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statistic

answer

a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

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quantitative (numerical)

answer

data consists of numbers representing counts or measurements

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categorical (qualitative or attribute)

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data consists of names or labels that are not numbers representing counts or measurements

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discrete data

answer

results when the data values are quantitative and the number of value is finite or countable

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discrete

answer

what type of data would be used when you count the number of coin tosses before getting tails?

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continuous data

answer

result from infinitely many possible quantitative values, where the collection of values is not countable

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nominal level of measurement

answer

characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only. the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high)

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ordinal level of measurement

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they can be arranged in some order, but difference (obtained by subtraction) between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless

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interval level of measurement

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they can be arranged in order, and differences between data values can be found and are meaningful.

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interval

answer

data at this level do not have a natural zero starting point at which none of the quantity is present

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ratio level of measurement

answer

they can be arranged in order, difference can be found and are meaningful, and there is a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present)

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ratio

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for this data level both differences and ratios are meaningful

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observational study

answer

we observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don't attempt to modify the subjects being studied

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experiment

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we apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the subject

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simple random sample

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of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size of n has the same chance of being chosen

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systematic sampling

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we select some starting point and then select every kth (such as every 50th) element in the population

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convenience sampling

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we simply use results that are easy to get

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stratified sampling

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we subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups (or strata) so that subjects within the same subgroup share the same characteristics (such as age bracket). then we draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum)

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cluster sampling

answer

we first divide the population area into sections (or cluster) then we randomly select some of those clusters and choose all the members from those selected clusters

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multistage sample design

answer

pollsters select a sample in different stages, and each state might use different methods of sampling

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cross-sectional study

answer

date are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time, not over a period of time

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retrospective study

answer

date are collected from a past time period by going back in tie (through examination or records, interviews, and so on)

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case-control

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what is another name for retrospective study?

question

prospective study

answer

data are collected in the future from groups that share common factors (such groups are called cohorts)

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longitudinal or cohort

answer

what is another name for the prospective study?

question

randomization

answer

used when subjects are assigned to different groups through a process of random selection

question

replication

answer

the repetition of an experiment on more than one subject

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blinding

answer

is in effect when the subject doesn't know whether he or she is receiving a treatment or a placebo

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placebo effect

answer

occurs when an untreated subject reports an improvement in symptoms

question

double-blind

answer

blinding occurred at two levels; the subject and the experimenter are not aware if the subject is receiving a placebo

question

confounding

answer

occurs in experiment when the investigators are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors

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sampling error

answer

occurs when the sample has been selected with a random method, but there is a discrepancy between a sample result and the true population result; such as an error results from chance samples fluctuations

question

nonsampling result

answer

is the result of human error, including such factors as wrong data entries, computing errors, questions with biased wording, false data provided by respondents, forming biased conclusions, or applying statistical methods that are not appropriate for the circumstances

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nonrandom sampling error

answer

is the result of using a sampling method that is not random, such as using a convenience sample or a voluntary response sample

question

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless volume of brains in cubic centimeters

answer

the ratio level is of measurement is most appropriate because the data can be ordered, differences can be found and are meaningful, and there is a natural starting 0 point

question

determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate for the data below: flight numbers

answer

the nominal level of measurement is most appropriate because the data cannot be ordered.

question

determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate for the data below: favorite sport

answer

nominal

question

determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate for the data below: ratings on a scale from 1 to 4 stars

answer

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless

question

determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate for the data below: internet speed levels of "fast," "medium," and "slow"

answer

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference (obtained from subtraction) cannot be found or are meaningless

question

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless people's age

answer

the ratio level is of measurement is most appropriate because the data can be ordered, differences can be found and are meaningful, and there is a natural starting 0 point

question

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless surveys response of "yes," "no," and "no opinion"

answer

the nominal level of measurement is most appropriate because the data cannot be ordered.

question

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless hair colors

answer

nominal

question

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless stress scores when the mean is zero and the increments of measurement are equal

answer

the interval level of measurement is the most appropriate because the data can be ordered, differences (obtained by subtraction) can be found and are meaningful, and there is no natural 0 starting point.

question

the ordinal level of measurement is the most appropriate because categories are ordered, but difference cannot be found or are meaningless body temperature in degrees of Fahrenheit

answer

the interval level of measurement is the most appropriate because the data can be ordered, differences (obtained by subtraction) can be found and are meaningful, and there is no natural 0 starting point.

question

Determine whether the description below corresponds to an observational study or an experiment. in a survey sponsored by a company, 10,797 people were asked what contributes most to their sadness, and 20% of the respondents said that it was their partner.

answer

the study is an observational study because the survey subjects were not given any treatment.

question

Determine whether the description below corresponds to an observational study or an experiment. research in conducted to determine if is a relation between colon cancer and fat consumption

answer

observational study

question

Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment. In a study of 360 children with a particular disease, the subjects completed a survey about their diet.

answer

The given description corresponds to an observational study.

question

Identify the type of sampling used (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling) in the situation described below. A woman experienced a tax audit. The tax department claimed that the woman was audited because everyone in five randomly selected districts was being audited.

answer

cluster sampling

question

Identify the type of sampling used (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling) in the situation described below. A man is selected by a marketing company to participate in a paid focus group. The company says that the man was selected because he was randomly chosen from all men in his tax bracket.

answer

stratified sampling

question

Identify the type of sampling used (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling) in the situation described below. To determine customer opinion of their service, Business Depot randomly selects 70 stores during a certain week and surveys all customers present in the store.

answer

cluster sampling

question

Identify the type of sampling used (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling) in the situation described below. asks its viewers to call in their opinion regarding the desirability of programs in high definition TV.

answer

convenience sampling

question

Identify the type of sampling used (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling) in the situation described below. A researcher selects every 806th social security number and surveys the corresponding person.

answer

systematic sampling

question

Identify the type of sampling used (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, or cluster sampling) in the situation described below. A man is selected by a marketing company to participate in a paid focus group. The company says that the man was selected because he was randomly chosen from all adults.

answer

random sampling

question

Determine whether the sample described below is a simple random sample. A quality control engineer selects every 15,000th raisin that is produced.

answer

The sample is not a simple random sample because every sample of the same size does not have the same chance of being selected.

question

Determine whether the sample described below is a simple random sample. In the last year, 185,674 adults paid taxes in a county. A researcher plans to conduct a survey of 500 of those taxpayers. After obtaining a list of those who paid taxes, he numbers the list from 1 to 185,674, and then he uses a computer to randomly generate 500 numbers between 1 and 185,674. His sample consists of the taxpayers corresponding to the selected numbers.

answer

The sample is a simple random sample because every sample of size 500 has the same chance of being selected.

question

Determine whether the sample described below is a simple random sample. According to a realtors association, names of potential house buyers are selected from a variety of different sources. Names from the list are randomly selected in a way that is equivalent to writing the names on slips of paper, mixing them in a bowl, and selecting the required number of potential house buyers.

answer

The sample is a simple random sample because every sample of the same size has the same chance of being selected.

question

Determine whether the sample described below is a simple random sample. In order to test for a difference in the way that workers and non-workers purchase magazines, a research institution polls exactly 623 adult workers and 623 adult non-workers randomly selected from adults in the United States.

answer

The sample is not a simple random sample because every sample of size 1246 does not have the same chance of being selected.

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