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Doctrine of Intellect

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through active mental process man can know truth; wisdom is the key

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2 Universal Laws of Learning

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1.) the law of association 2.) the use of information

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Law of Association

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1.) contiguity (time) 2.) similarity (likeness) 2.) Contrast (opposite)

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The Use of Information

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1.) induction (inductive reasoning) - reasoning from particular facts to a general rule or principle 2.) deduction (deductive reasoning) - reasoning from a general rule to a specific prediction

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Aristotle

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1.) Doctrine of Intellect 2.) 2 Universal Laws of Learning 3.) Law of association 4.) Use of information

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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1.) 1st to try to separate philosophy from psychology 2.) best known for his studies of memory

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Variables that Affect Retention

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1.) Time - between the learning and the attempted retrieval 2.) Type of material - meaningful material was easy to memorize verse nonsensical material 3.) Amount of material 4.) Interference - things that cause or effect retention

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Wilhelm Wundt

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1.) Structuralism 2.) Founder of scientific psychology 3.) father of Modern psychology 4.) 1st laboratory 5.) completely separated psychology from philosophy

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Founder of Scientific Psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Father of Modern Psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Founder of Structuralism

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Wilhelm Wundt

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1st Laboratory

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1879 in Leipzig, Germany

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Structuralism

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sought scientific knowledge through observation of social behavior

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3 Elements to Structuralism

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1.) sensations 2.) images 3.) feelings

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Introspection

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the method that structuralists used to identify the elements of the mind

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John Dewey

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1.) functionalism 2.) Father of progressive education 3.) "Learning by doing" 4.) Reflex circuit 5.) "How" and "why" of mental processes

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Founder of Functionalism

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John Dewey

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The most influential functionalist

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John Dewey

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Father of Progressive Education

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John Dewey

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Reflex Circuit

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stimulus leads to a response, which leads to a stimulus, which leads to another response

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3 Principles of Functionalism

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1.) "How" and "why" of mental processes 2.) psychology of adjustment 3.) studied the mental aspect of how learning takes place

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Ivan Pavlov

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1.) Classical conditioning 2.) used scientific method 3.) learning is basically a matter of developing a response to a stimulus that did not originally call forth that response

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Classical Conditioning (definition)

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the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a neutral stimulus to produce a response

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Who was the first theorists to use the scientific method?

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Ivan Pavlov

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Classical Conditioning (Steps)

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1.) Neutral Stimulus - did not previously produce a response 2.) Unconditioned Stimulus - normally brings a response 3.) Unconditioned Response - natural response to an unconditioned stimulus 4.) Conditioned Stimulus - does not normally brings a response 5.) Conditioned Response - resulting response 6.) Extinction - conditioned response disappears after repeatedly presenting conditioned stimulus alone after conditioning 7.) Spontaneous Recovery - present conditioned stimulus after a period of extinction and conditioned response returns immediately (weaker and disappears more quickly)

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Edward Thorndike

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1.) Associationism 2.) Bond Psychology 3.) Connectionism 4.) 1st to establish a modern theory of learning 5.) Leader in applying scientific method to psychology and education 6.) Learning is strengthened by practice and/or rewards

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Thorndike's 3 Laws of Learning

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1.) Law of Readiness 2.) Law of Exercise 3.) Law of Effect

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Law of Readiness

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when someone is ready to perform some act, to do so is satisfying when someone is ready to perform some act, not to do so is annoying when someone is not ready to perform some act, and is forced to do so, it is annoying

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Law of Exercise

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practiced bonds are strengthened; unpracticed bonds are weakened (we learn by doing, and we forget when we don't do it)

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Law of Effect

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a response followed by a satisfying state of affairs strengthens the stimulus response bond a response followed by an annoying state of affairs weakens the stimulus response bond

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John B. Watson

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1.) Behaviorism 2.) John Locke's "tabula rasa" 3.) Rejected the mind and consciousness 4.) all learning or behavior is a direct result of one's environment 5.) Neo behavioristics followed John Watson

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Founder of Behaviorism

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John B. Watson

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Edwin Guthrie

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1.) Contiguous Conditioning 2.) learning takes place on the 1st try 3.) Rewards and reinforcements are not necessary

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Founder of Contiguous Conditioning

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Edwin Guthrie

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Clark Hull

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1.) Systematic Behavior Theory 2.) Mathematical Learning Theory 3.) Foundation of the theory is HABIT 4.) Learning must be reinforced to be retained

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Founder of Systematic Behavior Theory

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ClarK Hull

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Founder of the Mathematical Learning Theory

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Clark Hull

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Max Wertheimer

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1.) Gestalt Psychology 2.) Gestalt Laws 3.) sight learning

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Gestalt Psychology

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learning takes place through insight the whole is different than the sums of its parts

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6 Gestalt Laws

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1.) Law of Proximity 2.) Law of Similarity 3.) Law of Contiuity 4.) Law of Closure 5.) Law of Closed Form 6.) Law of Common Movement

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Law of Proximity

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patterns close together tend to form a group

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Law of Similarity

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items which are alike tend to form a group

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Law of Continuity

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perception tends toward simplicity

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Law of Closure

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tendency to complete a figure; we tend to ignore gaps and complete contour lines. Our minds fill the missing information to create familiar shapes and images

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Law of Closed Form

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lines which enclose a surface tend to be seen as a group

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Law of Common Movement

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objects moving at the same time in a similar manner tend to form a group

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Edward Tolman

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1.) sign learning 2.) follow the signs that lead to goals 3.) learning is a systematic process guided by goals and expectations; memory is the foundation

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Founder of Sign Learning

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Edward Tolman

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B. F. Skinner

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1.) Operant conditioning 2.) Skinner Box 3.) Behavior Modification 4.) Reinforcement schedules 5.) emphasized manipulation of behavior by managing reinforcement conditions

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Founder of Operant Conditioning

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B. F. Skinner

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Operant Conditioning (defined)

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a behavior or response that operates on the environment to produce reading and reinforcing effects

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Behavior Modification

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something that is external that only chafed the external

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Reinforcement Schedules

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1.) Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule 2.) variable ration reinforcement schedule 3.) fixed interval 4.) variable interval

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Jean Piaget

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1.) Developmental Learning Theory 2.) Genetic Epistemology 3.) Cognitive development

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Founder of Developmental Learning Theory

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Jean Piaget

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2 Types of Knowledge

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1.) Figurative - knowledge of facts 2,) Operative - knowledge result of reasoning

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Terminology Associated with Piaget

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1.) Schema 2.) Assimilation 3.) Accommodation 4.) Equilibrium

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Schema

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basic structure through which an individual's knowledge is mentally represented (plural is schemata)

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Assimilation

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the process by which the schemata are modified

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Accommodation

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the process by which the schemata are modified

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Equilibration

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the temporary cognitive stability resulting from the balance of assimilation and accommodation

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4 Stages of Cognitive Development

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1.) sensorimotor 2.) pre-operational 3.) concrete operational 4.) formal operational

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Atkinson and Shiffrin

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1.) Cognitive learning theory 2.) computer analogy

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Founders of the Cognitive Learning Theory

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Atkinson and Shiffrin

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Computer Analogy

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1.) Sensory register 2.) short term/working memory 3.) working memory 4.) long term memory

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Chunking

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combining separate items into more meaningful units

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Primacy and Recency Effect

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the tend to remember the first and last things

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

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1.) greatest influence in the area of philosophy 2.) author of "Emile" 3.) rejected standards 4.) the child is basically good but corrupted by civilization 5.) books are not necessary 6.) child centered classroom guided by the child's interest 7.) Montessori Schools

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Montessori Schools

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1.) Maria Montessori 2.) influenced by "Emile"

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William Glasser

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1.) "School w/o Failure" 2.) opposed homework, grades, tests

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Author of "School w/o Failure"

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William Glasser

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Glasser's Areas of Influence

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1.) evaluation 2.) discipline 3.) concept learning

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Glasser's Applications

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1.) attacked high standards 2.) "outcome based education" 3.) opposed discipline 4.) ideas would later become "Outcome based Education"

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Lev. S. Vygotsky

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1.) influence in language and self-esteem 2.) zone of proximal development 3.) whole language

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Vygotsky's Application

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1.) whole language 2.) self esteem 3.) collaborative learning 4.) constructivism

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Zone of Proximal Development

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those who can learn to do something in a group today will later be able to do it individually

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