question

What methods are used to conduct research in the field of educational research?

answer

Correlational, experimental, single-subject, case study, ethnography (activity sheet)

question

How do theories and research relate to educational practice?

answer

Effective teachers use research finding for instruction

question

What is the best way to reach the low achieving students?

answer

A high level of instruction plus the positive relationship with the teacher

question

Belief that an individual has the ability to reach even the most difficult students to help them learn and succeed

answer

Sense of efficacy

question

What is important to remember about teacher efficacy?

answer

High self-efficacy: the students are more likely to succeed when learning under a teacher with high self-efficacy - Willing to work harder to help your students succeed when you believe it can happen - Less likely to burn out - Feel like you're making a difference - Higher in a school where the administration supports you and the whole school has high expectations - Sense of efficacy increases with students' achievement

question

What are the commonalities in the midst of diversity?

answer

The kids are going to understand technology.

question

What are the four domains of teacher responsibilities that promote learning identified by Charlotte Danielson?

answer

1. Planning and preparation responsibilities 2. Classroom environment responsibilities 3. Instruction responsibilities 4. Professional responsibilities

question

What are the 3 measures of effective teaching formed by the Gates Foundation project?

answer

1. Student gains on state tests 2. Surveys of students' perceptions of teachers 3. Classroom observations

question

What are the 4 things to remember about educational psychology today?

answer

- Viewed as a distinct discipline with its own theories, research methods, problems, techniques - Research focused on learning and teaching - Working to improve educational policy and practice - Research does not always support common sense practice

question

Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related

answer

Correlation studies

question

Describe the two relationships of Correlation studies.

answer

1. Positive relationship- both variables going up or down at the same time 2. Negative relationship- when one variable increases the other variable decreases

question

Study of naturally occurring events in life of a group to understand meaning of events to the people

answer

Ethnography

question

Study that happens over months or years

answer

Longitudinal studies

question

Study of groups of students at different ages

answer

Cross-sectional

question

Observation/analysis of changes in a cognitive process as it unfolds (days or weeks)

answer

Microgenetic studies

question

Describe the difference between qualitative or quantitive research?

answer

- Qualitative: Use words, dialogue, events, images as data - Quantitative: Take measurements; make calculations

question

Using both qualitative and quantitative methods to fit the research questions

answer

Complementary methods

question

Systematic observations, tests, methods conducted by teachers to improve teaching/learning

answer

Action research

question

An established relationship between factors

answer

Principle

question

Integrated statement of principles that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions

answer

Theory

question

A prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research

answer

Hypothesis

question

Describe the No Child Left Behind Act (2002)

answer

- Annual standardized achievement tests in reading and math for students in grades 3-8 - Testing in science less frequently - Basis for judging schools, determining whether students made adequate yearly progress (AYP) - All students required to reach proficiency by the end of the 2013-2014 school year - Scores often used to punish schools for missing proficiency goals - Criticized for negative consequences

question

What is important to remember about the NCLB Act?

answer

It was signed out of law in 2015

question

Integrate best available research with insights of expert practitioners and knowledge of the client

answer

Evidence-based practice

question

Orderly, adaptive changes that occur in humans between conception and death and remain for long period of time

answer

Development

question

Changes in the body structure/function over time

answer

Physical development

question

Changes in individual's personality

answer

Personal development

question

Changes over time in ways of relating to others

answer

Social development

question

Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex/sophisticated

answer

Cognitive development

question

Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time

answer

Maturation

question

What are the general principles supported by almost all theorists?

answer

1. People develop at different rates - Students of same age vary in size, maturity 2. Development is relatively orderly - Abilities develop in logical order: Babble before talking 3. Development takes place gradually - Not overnight, but over time

question

Simply explain Nature v. Nurture.

answer

- heredity/biology v. environment/culture

question

What is Continuity v. Discontinuity?

answer

Continuous, quantitative change compared to walking up a ramp to go higher; progress is steady Discontinuous, qualitative change compared to walking up stairs; progress in stages (Piaget's theory, for example)

question

What are Critical v. Sensitive periods?

answer

- Critical time when specific abilities must develop (Freud) - Sensitive periods of readiness for certain experiences

question

What is involved in achieve the most learning?

answer

Changes in neurons

question

Production of new neurons

answer

Neurogenesis

question

Spaces between neurons

answer

Synapses

question

Brain's dynamic tendency to remain adaptable/flexible

answer

Synaptic plasticity

question

Used neurons _______; unused neurons are ______.

answer

Survive, pruned

question

Neurons release _________, sending _________________ across synapses

answer

Chemicals, Electrical signals

question

What are the two kinds of synapse overproduction and pruning processes?

answer

1. Experience-expectant: Await and expect stimulation - Oversee general development in brain's large areas - In absence of stimulation, synapse pruning occurs 2. Experience-dependent: Form in response to experiences - Stimulating environments, meaningful interactions likely support better brain development

question

Specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex

answer

Lateralization - Each half controls opposite side of body

question

What does the left side of the brain do? The right?

answer

Left: Language processing Right: Spatial-visual, nonverbal information, emotions

question

Last part of brain to develop, more susceptible to environmental influences

answer

Cerebral Cortex

question

Connections between brain, classroom teaching, and emotions and stress?

answer

- Anxiety interferes with learning - Disinterest and lack of challenge affect learning - Learning improves when students learn emotional self-regulation

question

Who was Piaget and what was the Theory of Cognitive Development?

answer

- Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist, prodigy - Developed model describing how humans make sense of world by gathering, organizing information - Insightful descriptions of children's thinking, differences between adult and child thinking

question

Three factors interacting to influence cognitive development?

answer

1. Maturation: Genetically programmed biological changes 2. Activity: Acting on environment, learning from it 3. Social transmission: Learning from others

question

Arranging information into mental systems

answer

Organization

question

Basic building blocks of thinking

answer

Schemes

question

Adjustment to the environment

answer

Adaptation (includes assimilation and accommodation)

question

Fit new information into existing schemes

answer

Assimilation

question

Alter existing schemes or create new ones in response to new information

answer

Accommodation

question

Act of searching for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from environment

answer

Equilibration

question

"Out-of-balance" state when current schemes don't work to understand new information

answer

Disequilibrium (Motivates search for solution, leads to change in thinking)

question

What are Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development?

answer

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational

question

Describe the Sensorimotor stage.

answer

- Age 0 to 2 years - Act on the environment, learn object permanence - Learn through reflexes, senses, movement - Thinking involves seeing, hearing, moving, touch, taste - Operations are carried out physically - Develop object permanence - Objects have a separate, permanent existence - Beginning to construct mental representations - Goal-directed actions: Deliberate actions toward a goal - Able to develop scheme for container with lid and toys inside—remove lid, reach toys

question

Describe the Preoperational stage.

answer

- Around age 2 to 7 years - Develop language, think logically in one direction - Stage before child masters logical mental operations - Ability to see actions carried out and reversed mentally - Semiotic function: Use of symbols (language, pictures, gestures, signs) to represent actions/objects mentally - Use language to represent objects, actions - Egocentric - Difficulty decentering and focusing on more than one aspect of a situation or object at a time - Difficulty thinking backwards or using reversible thinking - Difficulty understanding conservation principle: - Object's characteristics remain same despite changes in appearance

question

Assume others experience the world the way you do (your viewpoint is also their viewpoint)

answer

Egocentric

question

Describe the Concrete Operational stage.

answer

- Around age 6 or 7 to 11 years - Organizes into categories, series; can reverse operations Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations Reasoning skills required to solve conservation problems Identity: Person or object remains same over time Compensation: Changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another Reversibility: Think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps (reversible thinking) Other important operations mastered at this stage Classification: Grouping objects into categories Seriation: Arranging objects in sequential order on basis of size, weight, or volume

question

Describe the Formal Operational stage

answer

- Adolescence to adulthood - Think hypothetically, deductively, abstractly - Consider multiple perspectives - Abstract thinking, coordination of multiple of variables - Level of thinking not reached by all high school students Thinking about thinking, thinking about mental operations - Hypothetico-deductive reasoning ability - Formal-operations problem-solving strategy - Identifying all factors affecting a problem, then deducing, systematically evaluating possible solutions - Adolescent egocentrism: Focused on own ideas - Sense of imaginary audience, of everyone watching - Ability to imagine ideal worlds, utopias - Ability to reason from general principles to specific actions and judge inconsistencies as hypocrisy

question

Information processing + Piaget

answer

Neo-Paigetian

question

Problems/ Limitations with Piaget's Theory?

answer

1. Problems with the stage model - Inconsistency in children's thinking - Children conserve number before conserving weight - Processes more gradual, continuous than they seem - Not so much discontinuous qualitative leaps 2. Piaget underestimated children's abilities - Used problems too difficult, instructions too confusing 3. Children's cognitive development CAN be accelerated with effective instruction 4. Piaget overlooks important effects of child's cultural and social group (developmental differences among cultures)

question

Who was Vygotsky and what was his theory of Sociocultural Perspective?

answer

- Lev Vygotsky: Russian psychologist - Believed human activities take place in cultural settings - Social interactions shape cognitive development - Major influence of his ideas in psychology and education - Sociocultural theory: Emphasis on interactions between children and more knowledgeable members of society (Knowledge is co-constructed during social interactions Co-constructed processes: Social process of interacting to create understanding, solve a problem)

question

What were the two views of social interaction in cognitive development?

answer

1. Piaget: Creates disequilibrium, encourages development 2. Vygotsky: Fosters development

question

Tools that allow people to communicate, think, solve problems, create knowledge

answer

Cultural Tools

question

Talk to self

answer

Private Speech (Piaget called it collective monologue)

question

Children talking in a group without interacting with one another

answer

Collective Monologue

question

What is the zone of proximal development?

answer

- Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support - Area between child's current performance and what child could achieve with adult guidance - Area in which instruction can succeed—not too hard or too easy

question

Compare Piaget and Vygotsky. (Long)

answer

Piaget - Development is active construction of knowledge - Learning is passive formation of associations, must wait for readiness - Learning is subordinated to development Vygotsky - Learning is an active process, a tool in development, does not have to wait for readiness - Learning pulls development to higher levels, sets in motion developmental processes - Other people play significant role in cognitive development

question

Limitations of Vygotsky's theory?

answer

- Humans are likely born with more cognitive tools than Vygotsky or Piaget recognized - Young children make sense of aspects of their world before having chance to learn from culture or teachers - Theory consists of general ideas - Vygotsky died at age 38 before expanding, elaborating on his ideas - Applications of his ideas constructed by others after his death

question

Growth of large muscles

answer

Gross-motor development

question

Coordination of small movements

answer

Fine-motor development

question

Physical development of children in elementary school.

answer

- Steady physical development - They become leaner, taller, and stronger - Learn to master sports - Girls may be as large as or larger than boys 11-14 year old - Kids are growing at different rates

question

Physical development of children in adolescent years.

answer

- Puberty, beginning of sexual maturity, ability to reproduce - 12-13- a girl has her first period - 12-14- for boys - Height differences - final height around age 15-16 for girls - final height around age 19 for boys

question

How should teachers deal with physical differences in the classroom?

answer

- Address differences without calling attention to variations - Not always sports competitions but cognitive competitions also - Help students access facts about physical development - Accept adolescents' concerns about appearance and the opposite sex

question

Challenges in physical development?

answer

- Child obesity - Eating disorders

question

What is Bronfrenbrenner's Social Context for Development?

answer

- Context: Total situation that surrounds/interacts with one's thoughts, feelings, actions to shape development/learning - Internal context: Hormone levels in body—contexts for developing organs and for self-concepts during puberty - External context: Families, schools, clubs, groups memberships, social programs, government policies

question

Nested social and cultural contexts

answer

Bioecological model (Microsystem: Family, friends, teachers, school activities Mesosystem: Interactions among microsystem elements Exosystem: Social settings that affect child Macrosystem: Larger society, its laws, customs, values Chronosystem: Time period of one's development)

question

What are the four parenting styles?

answer

1. Authoritative 2. Authoritarian 3. Permissive 4. Rejecting/Neglecting/Uninvolved

question

High warmth, high control, love children Set clear limits, enforce rules, less strict punishment Children more likely to do well in school, be happy

answer

Authoritative

question

Low warmth, high control, love children Not openly affectionate, strict punishment, controlling Children more likely to feel guilty, depressed

answer

Authoritarian

question

High warmth, low control, love children Few rules or consequences, low behavior expectations Children likely to have trouble interacting with peers

answer

Permissive

question

Low warmth, low control Don't care, don't bother to communicate or teach

answer

Rejecting/Neglecting/Uninvolved

question

Forming an emotional bond with another person, initially a parent or family member

answer

Attachment

question

What are the two types of attachment?

answer

1. Secure attachments: Child more confident to explore 2. Insecure attachments: Child fearful, sad, anxious, angry in interactions with caregivers

question

Small groups, friendship based Usually same sex, age, interests, activities Serve emotional, security needs; stable social context

answer

Cliques

question

Large, less intimate, loosely organized affiliations - Shared interests, activities, attitudes, reputations - Jocks, brains, nerds, druggies, goths, populars, loners - Common in early and middle adolescence; less in late adolescence and less with confident teens - Viewed by many as stifling identity, self-expression

answer

Crowds

question

Groups of children or adolescents with own rules/norms Set rules for dress, behavior, music, language, activities, social values

answer

Peer cultures

question

Four categories of children (Popularity)

answer

1. Popular prosocial or antisocial - Prosocial: Academically, socially competent - Antisocial: Often athletic, aggressive boys, bullies 2. Rejected aggressive or withdrawn - Aggressive: Conflict, hyperactivity, impulsivity - Withdrawn: Timid, socially awkward, often bullied 3. Controversial: Positive and negative social qualities; have friends but can be hostile or prosocial 4. Neglected: Well adjusted, socially competent, shy but happy

question

Forms of Aggression?

answer

1. Instrumental: Strong action to claim object, place, privilege; not intended to harm, but may lead to harm 2. Hostile: Direct action to hurt someone; unprovoked 3. Overt: Physical attack of hostility 4. Relational: Hostile, verbal and other actions to harm social relationships; more common among girls 5. Cyber: Using e-mail/social media to spread rumors, make threats, terrorize peers

question

What are indicators of child abuse (list of a few) I should know?

answer

- Physical abuse: Bruises, bite marks, bald spots, burns, unexplained fractures, lacerations, behavioral extremes - Physical neglect: Abandonment, lack of supervision, unattended medical needs, hunger, poor hygiene - Sexual abuse: Difficulty walking/sitting, genital pain, pregnancy, chronic depression, promiscuity

question

What is Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development?

answer

- Development viewed as interdependent series of stages - Each stage presents a developmental crisis (conflict requiring resolution in preparation for the next stage) - Each crisis resolved productively or unproductively - Emphasizes emergence of self, search for identity, individual's relationships, role of culture

question

Describing the relation of the individual's emotional needs to the social environment

answer

Psychosocial

question

Broad concept encompassing general sense of self and own beliefs, emotions, values, commitments, attitudes

answer

Identity

question

Willingness to begin new activities and explore new directions

answer

Initiative

question

Eagerness to engage in productive work

answer

Industry

question

What are the two processes in achieving mature identity?

answer

1. Exploration: Try alternative beliefs, values, behaviors 2. Commitment: Choose beliefs (religion, politics and such)

question

What are James Marcia's four categories of identity status?

answer

1. Identity achievement: After exploring, make choices and commit to pursuing them 2. Moratorium: Explore but struggle; suspend choices 3. Identity foreclosure: Accept parent choices without consideration of options 4. Identity diffusion: Confused about who you are, what you want

question

What are the four outcomes for ethnic minority youth in identity search?

answer

1. Assimilation: Adopt values/behaviors of majority culture 2. Separated: Associate only with their ethnic group 3. Marginality: Live in majority culture, feel alienated 4. Biculturalism: Maintain ties to both cultures

question

What are the African American racial identity, stages of nigrescence?

answer

1. Pre-encounter: Ignore race, feel neutral about it 2. Encounter: Attuned to Blackness, realize race matters 3. Immersion/Emersion: Response to discrimination, desire to understand racial heritage 4. Internalization: Secure racial identity, firmly connected Internalization-5. Commitment: Commitment to Black affairs

question

Individual's knowledge/beliefs about self

answer

Self-concept

question

Value each of us places on our own characteristics, abilities, and behaviors (overall judgment of self-worth)

answer

Self-esteem

question

Understanding that other people are people too, with their own minds, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, perceptions

answer

Theory of mind and intention

question

Understanding that others have different feelings and experiences (Important to moral development)

answer

Perspective-taking ability

question

What are involved in Lawrence Kohlberg's proposed 6 stages of moral reasoning?

answer

1. Preconventional- Judgment based on person's own needs 2. Conventional- Take into account laws, expectations 3. Postconventional- Abstract judgments, principles of justice .

question

What was included in the Preconventional development?

answer

1. Obedience orientation: Obey rules, avoid punishment 2. Rewards/exchange: Personal needs/wants determine right and wrong

question

What was included in the Conventional development?

answer

1. Relationship: To be good is to be nice, please others 2. Law/Order: Obey laws/authority; maintain social system

question

What was included in the Postconventional development?

answer

1. Social contract: Greatest good for greatest number 2. Universal ethical principles: Uphold principles of human dignity, social justice, no matter what laws/society say

question

Agreed-upon rules, ways to do things

answer

Social conventions

question

What are 2 criticism of Kohlberg's stages?

answer

1. Mix 2 domains (moral judgment, social conventions) 2. Overlook personal choice

question

Justice and welfare/compassion issues

answer

Moral domain

question

Belief that rules cannot be changed

answer

Conventional domain

question

Seeing rules as absolute (child's level)

answer

Moral realism

question

Shift to believe rules can be changed

answer

Morality of cooperation

question

Three key principles in Haidt's Model of Moral Psychology?

answer

1. Intuition comes first, reasoning second 2. There is more to morality than fairness and harm - Loyalty/betrayal underlies self-sacrifice - Authority/subversion: Respect legitimate authority - Sanctity/degradation: Ideas of what is sacred - Liberty/oppression: Resistance to domination 3. Morality binds and blinds - Group bound by sharing moral values, but blind to moral beliefs of other groups

question

Three influences on moral behavior?

answer

1. Modeling: Child exposed to models of moral beliefs and behaviors 2. Internalization: Child adopts beliefs/behaviors as own 3. Self-concept: Child integrates moral values into sense of self

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