A teaching method
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educational psychology
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The branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings.
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constructivist approach
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A learner-centered approach to learning that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
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direct instruction approach
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A structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student's progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.
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differentiated instruction
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Involves recognizing individual variations in students' knowledge, readiness, interests, and other characteristics, and taking these differences into account when planning curriculum and engaging in instruction.
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laboratory
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A controlled setting from which many of the complex factors of the real world have been removed.
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naturalistic observation
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Observation outside of a laboratory in the real world.
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participant observation
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Observation in which the observer-researcher is actively involved as a participant in the activity or setting.
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standardized tests
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Tests that have uniform procedures for administration and scoring and often allow a student's performance to be compared with the performance of other students at the same age or grade level on a national basis.
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case study
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An in-depth look at an individual.
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ethnographic study
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In-depth description and interpretation of behavior in an ethnic or a cultural group that includes direct involvement with the participants.
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correlational research
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Research that describes the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics.
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experimental research
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Research that allows the determination of the causes of behavior; involves conducting an experiment, which is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied is manipulated and all others are held constant.
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independent variable
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The manipulated, influential, experimental factor in an experiment.
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dependent variable
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The factor that is measured in an experiment.
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experimental group
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The group whose experience is manipulated in an experiment.
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control group
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In an experiment, a group whose experience is treated in every way like the experimental group except for the manipulated factor.
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random assignment
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In experimental research, the assignment of participants to experimental and control groups by chance.
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program evaluation research
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Research designed to make decisions about the effectiveness of a particular program.
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action research
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Research used to solve a specific classroom or school problem, improve teaching and other educational strategies, or make a decision at a specific level.
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teacher-as-researcher
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Also called teacher-researcher, this concept involves classroom teachers conducting their own studies to improve their teaching practice.
