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Individual Differences

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Diversity in abilities and characteristics (intellegence, personality, etc.) among students at a particular gender or cultural group.

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Differentiated Instruction

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Practice of individualizing instructional methods-and possibly also individualizing specific content and instructional goals-to align with each student's existing knowledge, skills, and needs.

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Intellegence

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Ability to apply prior knowledge and experiences flexibly to accomplish challenging new tasks.

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fluid intellegence

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Ability to acquire knowledge quickly and adapt effectively to new situations.

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crystalized intellegence

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Knowledge and skills accumulated from prior experience, schooling, and culture.

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Distributive intellegence

answer

Enhancement of thinking through the use of physical objects and technology, concepts, and symbols of one's culture, and/or social collaboration and support.

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Intellegence Test

answer

General measure of current level of cognitive functioning; often used to predict academic achievement in the short run.

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IQ score

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Score on an intellegence test, determined by comparingg a person's performance with that of others in the same age group.

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Cognitive Style

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Characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice.

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Disposition

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General inclination and desire to approach and think about learning and problem-solving tasks in a particular way; typically has a motivational component in addition to cognitive components.

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Gardner's Multiple Intellegences

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There are 8. Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist.

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Cognitive Processes

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Particular way of thinking about and mentally responding to a certain event or piece of information.

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Neuropsychology

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Study of how various brain structures and functions are related to human learning and behaviors.

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Cognitive load

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Cognitive burden that a particular learning activity places in the working memory at any one time; includes both the amount of information students must simultaneously think about and the specific cognitive processes students must engage in to understand what they're studying.

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astrocyte

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Star-shaped brain cell hypothesized to be involved in learning and memory; has chemically mediated connections with many other astrocytes and neurons.

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learning

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long-term change in mental representations or associations as result of experience

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cognitive psychology

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general theoretical perspective that focuses on the mental processes underlying learning and behavior

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cognitive process

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particular way of thinking about and mentally responding to a certain event or piece of information

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information processing theory

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theoretical perspective that focuses on the specific ways in which learners mentally think about, or process, new information and events

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sensation

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one's ability to detect stimuli in the environment

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perception

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one's interpretation of stimuli

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constructivism

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theoretical perspective proposing that learners construct, rather than absorb, knowledge from their experiences

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memory

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ability to mentally save something that has been previously learned; also, the mental "location" where such information is saved

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storage

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process of putting new information into memory

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encoding

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changing the format of new information as it is being stored in memory

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retrieval

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process of finding information previously stored in memory

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sensory register

answer

component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief period of time (two or three seconds at most, depending on the modality)

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attention

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focusing of mental processing on particular stimuli

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working memory

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component of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information for a short time

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central executive

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component of the human memory system that oversees the flow of information throughout the system

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maintenance rehearsal

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rapid repetition of a small amount of information to keep it fresh in working memory

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long-term memory

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component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long time

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activation

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degree to which something in memory is being actively attended to and mentally processed

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declarative knowledge

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knowledge concerning the nature of how things are, were, or will be

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procedural knowledge

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knowledge concerning how to do something (e.g. a skill)

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conditional knowledge

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knowledge concerning appropriate ways to respond (physically or mentally) under different circumstances

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explicit knowledge

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knowledge that a person is consciously aware of and can verbally describe

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implicit knowledge

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knowledge that a person cannot consciously recall or explain but that nevertheless affects the person's thinking or behavior

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rote learning

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learning information in a relatively uninterpreted form, without making sense of it or attaching much meaning to it

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rehearsal

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cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over within a short timeframe (typically a few minutes or less) as a possible way of learning and remembering it

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meaningful learning

answer

cognitive process in which learners relate new information to things they already know

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elaboration

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cognitive process in which learners embellish on new information based on what they already know

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organization

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cognitive process in which learners make connections among various pieces of information they need to learn (e.g. by forming categories, identifying hierarchies, determining cause-effect relationships)

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concept map

answer

diagram of concepts and their interrelationships; used to enhance learning and memory of a topic

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visual imagery

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process of forming mental pictures of objects or ideas

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knowledge base

answer

one's existing knowledge about specific topics and the world in general

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prior knowledge activation

answer

process of reminding learners of things they already know relative to a new topic

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meaningful learning set

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attitude that one can make sense of the information one is studying

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mnemonic

answer

memory aid or trick designed to help learn and remember one or more specific pieces of information

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verbal mediator

answer

word or phrase that forms a logical connection, or bridge, between two pieces of information

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keyword method

answer

mnemonic technique in which an association is made between two ideas by forming a visual image of one or more concrete objects (keywords) that either sound similar to or symbolically represent those ideas

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superimposed meaningful structure

answer

familiar shape, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information to facilitate recall

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situated learning and cognition

answer

knowledge, behaviors, and thinking skills acquired and used primarily within certain contexts, with limited or no retrieval and use in other contexts

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hot cognition

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learning or cognitive processing that is emotionally charged

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automaticity

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ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task

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retrieval cue

answer

stimulus that provides guidance about where to look for a piece of information in long-term memory

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recognition task

answer

memory task in which one must identify correct information among incorrect statements or irrelevant information

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recall task

answer

memory task in which one must retrieve information from long-term memory with only minimal retrieval cues

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wait time

answer

length of time a teacher pauses, either after asking a question or hearing a student's comment, before saying something further

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consolidation

answer

neurological process in which newly acquired knowledge is firmed up in the brain; often takes several hours, sometimes even longer

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decay

answer

gradual weakening of information stored in long-term memory, especially if the information is used infrequently

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interference

answer

phenomenon whereby something stored in long-term memory inhibits one's ability to remember something else correctly

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construction

answer

mental process in which a learner takes many separate pieces of information and uses them to build an overall understanding or interpretation

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reconstruction error

answer

construction of a logical but incorrect memory by combining information retrieved from one's long-term memory with one's general knowledge and beliefs about the world

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individual constructivism

answer

theoretical perspective that focuses on how individuals construct meaning from their experiences

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social constructivism

answer

theoretical perspective that focuses on people's collective efforts to impose meaning on the world

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distributed cognition

answer

process whereby learners think about an issue or problem together, sharing ideas and working collaboratively to draw conclusions or develop solutions

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concept

answer

mental grouping of objects or events that have something in common

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undergeneralization

answer

overly narrow view of the objects or events that a concept includes

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overgeneralization

answer

overly broad view of the objects or events that a concept includes

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schema

answer

tightly organized set of facts about a specific topic

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script

answer

schema that involves a predictable sequence of events related to a common activity

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theory

answer

integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon

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worldview

answer

general, culturally based set of assumptions about reality that influence understandings of a wide variety of phenomena

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conceptual understanding

answer

meaningfully learned and well-integrated knowledge about a topic, including many logical connections among specific concepts and ideas

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authentic activity

answer

classroom activity similar to an activity that students are apt to encounter in the outside world

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problem-based learning

answer

classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex problem similar to one that might exist in the outside world

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project-based learning

answer

claassroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex, multifaceted project that yields a concrete end product

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service learning

answer

activity that promotes learning and development through contributing to the betterment of others and the outside community

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model

answer

a physical or symbolic representation of a phenomenon that depicts its key components and important interrelationship

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community of learners

answer

class in which teachers and students actively and collaboratively work to create a body of knowledge and help one another learn

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misconception

answer

belief that is inconsistent with commonly accepted and well-validated explanations of phenomena or events

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conceptual change

answer

significant revision of an existing theory or belief system, enabling new and discrepant information to be better understood and explained

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confirmation bias

answer

tendency to seek information that confirms, rather than discredits, current beliefs

Educational Psychology – Chap 5, 6, 7 – Flashcards

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