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American Federation of Teachers (AFT)

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-1916; John Dewey= 1st Member -One of two major teaching organizations -A national organization of teachers that is primarily concerned w/ improving educational conditions & protecting teacher's rights

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Reverend Samuel Hall

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-Established a normal school derived in Concord, Bermont; this school provided elementary school grads w/ formal training in teaching skills -His normal school marked the beginning of teacher education in America

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Collective Bargaining

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-A negotiating procedure b/w employer and employees for resolving disagreements on salaries, work schedules, & other conditions of employment. -All teachers in a school system bargain as one group through a chosen representative

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Horace Mann

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-Instrumental in establishing the first normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts -First secretary of Mass. Board of education -Common School Movement (public school system paid for my local taxes so every child could afford an education)

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Merit Pay

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A salary system that bases a teacher's pay on performance

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Tenure

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A system of employment in which teachers, having served a probationary period (2-4yrs), acquire an expectancy of continued employment. -Majority of states have these laws

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Pay-for-Performance

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A salary method that attempts to make teaching more accountable by linking teacher and student performance to teacher salary.

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Teacher's License

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-A teaching credential issued by a state government that grants the legal right to teach (50 states & D.C) -DO NOT assume you will automatically be issued a license after completing your teacher education program -Each state has its own requirements

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Pedagogy

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-The art & science of teaching, especially teaching methods and strategies -Teachers skilled in this outperform those with superior subject area knowledge

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Normal School

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-A two-year teacher education institution popular in the 19th century, many of which were expanded to become today's state colleges & universities

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National Education Association (NEA)

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-The largest organization of educators -Concerned w/ the overall improvement of education & of the conditions of educators. -Organized @ national, state, & local levels -Works to elect pro-education candidates & promote legislation beneficial to teachers & students

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National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS)

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-A professional organization charged w/ establishing voluntary standards for recognizing superior teachers as board certified -Very expensive, VERY rare (less than 3% of teachers)

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Academy

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-A classic secondary school that emphasized elements of Latin & English grammar schools & by the 19th century became more of a college preparatory school -The name of ancient Greek school founded by Plato.

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Aesthetics

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-The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of beauty & judgments about it - ex: How can teachers help students understand how their personal experiences, group values, & cultural/ethnic history shape their standards of what is beautiful?

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Back-to-Basics

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-During the 1980's, a revival of (insert here) movement evolved out of concern for declining test scores in math, science, reading, writing & other areas -Many consider it to include an emphasis on reading, writing, arithmetic, fewer electives, & more rigorous reading. -Meant to train the mind, promote reasoning, & ensure common culture among all Americans

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Behavior Modification

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-A strategy to alter behavior in a desired direction through the use of rewards -Extrinsic rewards are gradually lessened as the student acquires & masters the targeted behavior -Process make take minutes, weeks, or years -Teacher's goal: Move learner from extrinsic to intrinsic rewards

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Behaviorism

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-A psychological theory that interprets human behavior in terms of stimuli-response -Belief that human beings are entirely shaped by their environment & people react in response to physical stimuli

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Cartesian Dualism

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The belief that reality is composed of both materialism and idealism, body and mind.

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Constructivism

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-This educational approach is built on the idea that people construct their understanding of the world. -Knowledge cannot be handed from one person to another, MUST be constructed by the learner -Teachers: Gauge a student's prior knowledge, then carefully orchestrate cues, classroom activities, & penetrating Q's to push students to higher levels of understanding

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Core curriculum

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A central body of knowledge that schools require all students to study

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Deductive Reasoning

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Working from a general rule to identify particular examples & applications to that rule.

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Empiricism

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The philosophy that maintains that sensory EXPERIENCES (seeing,hearing, & touching) are the ultimate sources of human knowledge. -We experience the external world by sensory perception; then, through reflection, we conceptualize ideas that help us interpret the world.

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Epistemology

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-The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of knowledge and learning -How do we know what we know?

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Essentialism

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- A teacher-centered educational philosophy that emphasizes the basic skills of core curriculum of traditional academic topics (math, reading, science, etc.) & trade. American virtues -Teacher focuses on "Essential" info; teacher is the center of the classroom -Goal for students= to become culturally literate individuals

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Ethics

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The branch of philosophy that examines questions of right and wrong, good and bad.

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Ethnocentrism

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The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others, or to fail to consider other cultures in a fair or equitable way.

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Existentialism

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-A student-centered philosophy of education that emphasizes the ability of an individual to determine the course & nature of his/her life & the importance of personal decision making. -Each student determines the pace & direction of his/her own learning -Students choose their preferred medium (ex: poetry) & evaluate their own performance

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Great Books

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The heart of the perennialists' curriculum that includes great works of past literature, philosophy, science, & other areas -ex: The Bible

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Idealism

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-A doctrine holding that knowledge is derived from ideas & emphasizing moral & spiritual reality as a preeminent source of explanation

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Inductive Reasoning

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Drawing generalizations based on the observation of specific examples

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Informal Education

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-In many cultures, augments or takes the place of formal schooling as children learn adult roles through observation, conversation, assisting, & imitating

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Laboratory School

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-Schools often associated w/ a teacher preparatory institution for practice teaching, demonstration, research, or innovation

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Logic

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-The branch of philosophy that deals w/ reasoning -Defines the rules of reasoning, focuses on how to move form one set of assumptions to valid conclusions -Examines the rules of inference that enable us to frame our propositions & arguments

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Materialism

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A philosophy focused on scientific observation & the belief that existence is only experienced in the physical realm.

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Metaphysics

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The area of philosophy that examines the nature of reality

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Oral Tradition

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-Spoken language is the primary method for instruction in several cultures around the world. -Word problems are used to teach reasoning, proverbs instill wisdom & stories to teach lessons about nature, history, religion & social customs.

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Perennialism

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-"Great Books" philosophy of education; teacher-centered -Core curriculum analyzing enduring ideas found in Great Books; philosophically-oriented -Emphasizes rationality as the major purpose of education; it asserts that there are universal truths & these ideas are best taught through the Great Books -Students analyze a philosophical issue or the meaning of a great work of lit.; teachers are scholarly role models

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Philosophy

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The love of or search for wisdom; the quest to understand the meaning of life.

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Political Philosophy

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An approach to analyzing how past & present societies are arranged/governed & how better societies may be created in the future.

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Pragmatism

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A philosophical belief that asserts truth is what works & rejects other views of reality.

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Praxis

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-Series of tests developed by ETS to assess teachers' competence in various areas (reading, writing, math, professional & subject area knowledge -Test requirements differ among states

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Progressivism

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-A student-centered philosophy of education that organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, & real-world experiences of students -Students in small groups, teacher walks around -Flexible focus of curriculum; integrated study of academic subjects around the needs & experiences of students -Learning by doing; FIELD TRIPS; Teachers guide/integrate learning activities so that students can find meaning -Goal of students= to become intelligent problem solvers

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Rationalism

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-The philosophy that emphasizes the power of reason & the principles of logic to derive statements about the world. -encourage schools to emphasize teaching math, b/c math involves logic and reason

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Scaffolding

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-Taking from the construction field, provides support to help a student build understanding -Teacher might use cues or encouragement or well-formulated Q's to assist a student in solving a problem or mastering a concept

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Social Darwinism

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-Similar to Darwin's notion of "survival of the fittest", this idea contends that society is a sorting system -Sorting system where the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves @ the bottom of the social & economic pecking order

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Social Reconstructionism

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-A philosophy of education that views education as a way to improve the quality of life, to reduce the chances conflict, & to create a more human world -ex: students going to local places to do help their community while learning; community service @ a soup kitchen

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Socratic Method

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An educational strategy attributed to Socrates in which a teacher encourages a student's discovery of truth by Q's

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Mortimer Adler

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-PERENNIALIST -Advocated all students be educated in the classics -Proposed a single elementary & secondary curriculum for all students, w/ no curricular electives except the choice of a second language.

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Aristotle

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-Known for the breadth of his knowledge; the synthesis of Plato's belief in the eternal "forms" & a scientist's belief in the "real" world that we can see, touch, or smell; the theory of the Golden Mean (everything in moderation) -Set up his own school, the Lyceum, adjacent to Plato's Academy

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Plato

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-Founded the Academy, considered to be the world's first university -Most famous works were dialogues that present & critique various philosophical points

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William Bagley

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-ESSENTIALIST -Believed that the major role of the school is to produce a literate, intelligent, electorate -He argued against electives while stressing thinking skills to help students apply their academic knowledge

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George Counts

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-SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM -Author: Dare the schools build a new order? -Proposed that schools focus on reforming society -Viewed education as an important tool to counter social injustices & if educators questioned their own power to make critical decisions "Just do it!"

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John Dewey

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-PROGRESSIVISM -A founder of progressivism -Worked to democratize schools & fought for women's suffrage & the right of teacher's to form unions -People learn best through social interaction in the real world; education is an opportunity to learn how to apply previous experiences in new ways -Scientific Method: (1) Become aware of a problem (2) define it (3)propose various hypotheses to solve it (4)examine the consequences of each hypothesis in light of previous experience (5)test the most likely solution

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Paulo Freire

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-SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM -Believed that schools were just another institution perpetuating social inequities while serving the interests of the dominant group. -Accused schools of perpetuating the status quo views of the rich & the powerful

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Maxine Greene

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-EXISTENTIALIST -Believes that it's crucial for students & teachers to create meanings in their lives -Sees the humanities & the arts as catalysts for moving people to critical awareness & conscious engagement with the world

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E.D. Hirsch Jr.

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-ESSENTIALIST -Advocates for a more inclusive curriculum that offers all students a shared knowledge, a common curriculum -Authored Cultural Literacy & developed the Core Knowledge Foundation -Preferred to call cultural literacy core knowledge b/c it's knowledge shared by all Americans

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Bell hooks

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-SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM -Theory of Education: Engaged Pedagogy which helps students & teachers develop critical consciousness of race,gender, & class biases. -Prolific Writer

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Robert Hutchins

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-PERENNIALISM -Introduced the Great Books program -President of the University of Chicago, abolished frats, football , & compulsory attendance

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A.S. Neill

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-EXISTENTIALISM -Attitude toward education stemmed from his own problems as a student -Created Summerhill, a school that encouraged kids to make their own decisions about what & when to learn.

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Nel Noddings

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-PROGRESSIVISM -Believes that an ethic of care can best be cultivated when the curriculum is centered around the interests of the students. -Schools are challenged to nourish the physical, spiritual, occupational, & intellectual development of each child

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B.F. Skinner

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-Leading advocate of BEHAVIORISM -did much to popularize the use of positive reinforcement to promote desired learning

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Socrates

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-Known for his philosophical lifestyle; the Socratic method, in which students are provocatively questioned so that they can rethink what they believe

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Authentic Assessment

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-A type of evaluation that represents actual performance -Encourages students to reflect on their own work & is integrated into the student's whole learning process Such tests usually require students synthesize knowledge from different areas & use that knowledge actively

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Common Core State Standards

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Identifies the skills & content a student should master each grade level from kindergarten to grade 12.

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Core Knowledge

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-Awareness of central ideas, beliefs, personalities, writings, events, etc. of a culture

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Creationism

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The position that God created the universe, the earth & livings things on the earth in precisely the manner described in the Old Testament, in six 24-hour periods

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Cultural Literacy

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Knowledge of the people, places, events, & concepts central to the standard literate culture.

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Digital Divide

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-Term used to describe the technological gap b/w the "haves" & the "have-nots". -Race, gender, class, & geography are some of the demographic factors influencing technological access & achievement

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Evolution

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As put forth by Charles Darwin, a keystone of modern biological theory that postulates that animals & plants have their origin in other preexisting types & that there are modifications in successive generations

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Extracurriculum

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-The part of school life that comprises activities (sports, academic/social clubs,band,orchestra) -Develops important skills & values (leadership,teamwork,etc.)

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Formal or Explicit Curriculum

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-A school's official curriculum that is reflected in academic courses & requirements

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Implicit or Hidden Curriculum

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Learnings that are not always intended, but emerge as students are shaped by the school culture, including attitudes & behaviors of teachers

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Intelligent Design

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Credits an unnamed intelligence or designer for aspects of nature's complexity still unexplained by science and that evolution is simply a theory, not a fact.

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Last Mile Problem

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Geography contributes to a digital divide, in part b/c running fiber optic cables to rural schools is often an expense that telecommunications companies avoid.

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Multicultural Education

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-Students of color & females will achieve more, will like learning better, & will have higher self-esteem if they are reflected in the pages of their textbooks.

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No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

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-A federal law passed in 2001 that emphasizes high-stakes standardized testing by requiring schools to annually assess students' achievement in reading, math, & science. -Schools report individual test scores, scores by race,ethnicity,disability, social class, and limited English proficiency

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Null Curriculum

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Teaching material/topic that is never taught due to it being deemed as unimportant, too controversial, or inappropriate

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Standards-based education

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Specifies precisely what students should learn, focuses the curriculum & instruction on meeting these standards, & provides continual testing to see if the standards are achieved.

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Stealth or self-censorship

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-To avoid possible problems & parental complaints, some educators quietly remove a book from a library shelf or a course of study. -Teachers practice same sort of (insert here) when they choose not to teach a topic or not to discuss a difficult issue.

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Textbook Adoption States

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States, most often those in the South & West, that have a formal process for assessing, choosing, & approving textbooks for school use.

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Academic Learning Time

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The time a student is actively engaged w/ the subject matter and experiencing a high success rate

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Allocated Time

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The amount of time a school or an individual teacher schedules for a subject.

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Behavioral Objective

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A specific statement of what a learner must accomplish to demonstrate mastery

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Block Scheduling

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-Using longer "blocks" of time to schedule classes results in fewer but longer periods given to each subject. -Designed to promote greater in-depth study

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Bloom's Taxonomy

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-A classification system in which each lower level is included in the next higher level -Describes simple to more complex mental processes & is usually used to classify educational objectives or classroom questions

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Cooperative Learning

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Students work on activities in small groups & they receive rewards based on the group's performance

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Differentiated Instruction

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-Instructional activities are organized in response to individual differences rather than content standards -Teachers are asked to carefully consider each student's needs, learning style, life experience, & readiness to learn

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Direct Teaching

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-A model of instruction in which the teacher is a strong leader who structures the classroom & sequences subject matter to reflect a clear academic focus. -Emphasizes the importance of structured lesson in which presentation of new info is followed by student practiced & teacher feedback.

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Engaged Time

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The part of time a teacher schedules for a subject in which the students are actively involved w/ academic subject matter -ex: Listening to a lecture, participating in classroom discussion, & working on math problems

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Higher-order Questions

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-Q's that require students to go beyond memory in formulating a response. -These Q's require students to analyze, synthesize, evaluate,etc.

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Induction Programs

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A formal program assisting new teachers to successfully adjust to their new roles in the classroom

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Learning Community

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The creation of a more personal collaboration b/w teachers & students to promote similar academic goals and values

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Looping

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The practice of teaching the same class for several years, over two or even more grades. -Purpose is to build strong teacher-student connections

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Lower-order Questions

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Q's that require the retrieval of memorized info & do NOT require more complex intellectual processes

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Mastery Learning

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Educational practice in which an individual demonstrates mastery of one task before moving onto the next

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Mentors

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A guide or adviser, & a component of some first year induction programs designed to assist new teachers

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Pedagogical Cycle

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A system of teacher-student interaction that includes four steps: - STRUCTURE: teacher introduces the topic;Question -QUESTION: Teacher asks Question -RESPOND: Student answers or tries to answer Questions -REACT: Teacher reacts to students answers & provides feedback

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Problem-based Learning

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An approach that builds a curriculum around intriguing real-life probe & asks students to work cooperatively to develop & demonstrate their solutions PROGRESSIVISM

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Reflective Teaching

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Thoughtfully analyzing one's own teaching practices & classroom

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Mary Budd Rowe

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-Researched on WAIT TIME -Her research on wait time showed that after asking a question, teachers typically wait only one second or less for a student response. -Determined that increasing the pause after a student gives an answer is equally important as increasing wait time 1, the pause after the question.

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Robert Slavin

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-A pioneer in cooperative learning techniques, developed student team learning methods in which a team's work is not completed until all students on the team understand the material being studied. -Rewards are earned only when the entire team achieves the goals set by the teacher; Promotes intellectual & emotional growth.

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Wait Time

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The amount of time a teacher waits for a student's response after a Q is asked & the amount of time following a student's response before the teacher reacts

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