ED 100 – Flashcard
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Schwab's four commonplaces (B)
answer
1. Student 2. Milieus 3. Curriculum 4. Teacher
question
Good motivations for becoming a teacher (B)
answer
1. Desire to work with young people 2. Value or significance of education to society 3. Interest in subject-matter field 4. Influence of teacher in elementary or secondary school 5. Influence of family 6. Extrinsic rewards 7. Intrinsic rewards
question
Intrinsic and Extrinsic rewards of teaching (C)
answer
Extrinsic~ Salaries, status, power, work schedule. Intrinsic~ Students, performance of a significant social service, stimulation and support from fellow teachers, the work of teaching, vocation
question
Mentor (A)
answer
A person who gives both personal and professional guidance to a novice
question
Tenure (A)
answer
A legal right that confers permanent employment on teachers, protecting them from dismissal without adequate cause
question
Accountability (A)
answer
The reform movement that embraces the idea that schools and educators should be required to demonstrate what they are accomplishing and should be held responsible for student achievement and learning; the effort to hold a party responsible for the results of an activity (Kaleidoscope)
question
Character education (A)
answer
Efforts by the home, school, the religious community, and the individual student to help the student know the good, love the good, and do the good and, in the process, to forge good qualities such as courage, respect, and responsibility
question
Democratic and Economic Reconstructionists (C)
answer
Democratic reconstructionists~ Subscribers to an educational perspective that focuses on developing students who are prepared to make positive changes in democracy; Economic reconstructionists~ Subscribers to an educational perspective or motivation that focuses on developing students who take a critical stance toward the dominant social and economic status quo
question
Education vs. Schooling (C)
answer
Education~ process of human growth by which one gains greater understanding and control over oneself and one's world; Schooling~ specific, formalized process, usually focused on the young, and whose general pattern traditionally has varied little from one setting to the next
question
Purposes for schooling in the US (C)
answer
1. Intellectual purposes~ promote academic learning (Development of reason, rationality) 2. Political and civic purposes~ help people learn how to govern themselves wisely and justly, good citizens: voters, participants, leaders, soldiers/sailors 3. Economic purposes~ Schools help students climb the economic ladder, obtaining the skills and knowledge required to attend college or to get a job 4. Social purposes~ "Umbrella purpose" (Help mold or guide students into what their society needed and expected of them, mobility, sorting, justice, institutional maintenance and survival) 5. Spiritual~ character, morality, piety 6. Physical~ good health, fitness 7. Personal~ individual growth, recreation
question
Aims of Education (A)
answer
Academic Goals (cognitive emotions)~ Enjoy learning, Discover passions, Speak their ideas, communicate, Apply English skills; good readers, Beauty of _______, Look at different viewpoints, Having their own voice, Open-minded (cultures), Ask questions freely, Critical thinkers, Appreciate school, Understand, not memorize, Proper lab techniques, Learn without realizing; Personal Stuff~ Feel safe in school, encouragement, Learn beyond content, Pursue dreams; individuality, Trust, Confidence, More than a standardized test, Accomplished, not intimidated; Moral and Character Stuff~ Any goal is attainable, Live life with integrity, Challenge selves, Make effort, Try again if fail; Social Goals, Want to come to class
question
Characteristic themes of American education (B)
answer
1. Local control~ originating in New England during colonial times. No reference to education in the constitution 2. Universal education~ education for all children. In the colonial period, education was only for white males 3. Public education~ By the early 20th century, education was compulsory 4. Comprehensive education~ Comprehensive = training for trades and preparation for college 5. Secular education~ Away from religious training and towards producing socially responsible citizens 6. Changing ideas of the basics~ In the colonial era, the goals were literacy and classical learning. 1800s was practical skills for a pragmatic, democratic society. Late 1900s was technical and scientific literacy. Today, preparing students to work in a global market 7. Expanding definitions of educational access and equality~ Now an emphasis on academic achievement
question
Common school (A)
answer
Before the American Revolution, these schools provided education for the average person, but not necessarily at public expense nor was it necessarily available to all
question
Dame Schools (A)
answer
In the 1600s, girls received an education at a housewife's home, for a small fee, and would learn to read and write a little, prayers, religious beliefs, and basic household skills (cooking and sewing)
question
Desegregation vs. Integration (C)
answer
Integration~ ending racial prejudice and respecting ethnic differences (When people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds learn to be comfortable with one another and to get along together); Desegregation does not necessarily lead to integration. Desegregation combines different races and cultures in the same school. Integration eliminates racial prejudice and creates a community.
question
Horace Mann (A)
answer
Father of Education; Secretary of State Board of Education; Pushed for first teacher training school; Advocate of the common school; Most of his education was self-acquired; Idea of social mobility through education; Introduced new textbooks, organized libraries, believed less in the formal curriculum
question
Important Movements of trends in the history of schooling in the US (B)
answer
1642~ MA passed law requiring parents to educate their children; 1647~ Old Deluder Satan Act~ requires parents to educate kids; 1731~ school started for slaves and free African Americans in Philadelphia; 1774~ school begun by Ben Franklin as president of Abolitionist Society; 1873~ Public kindergarten established in St. Louis; 1896~ Plessy v. Ferguson; 1919~ Progressive education association established formalized attempt to reform education according to 7 principles; 1954~ Brown v. Board of Ed. desegregation, research based educational reform, growing standards movement (NCLB)
question
Junior high schools vs. middle schools (C)
answer
Junior high school~ school for grades 7-9; Middle school~ school for grades 6-8~ Unique environment for 10-13 year olds, Emphasis on personal growth and development, Some critics see middle school as "unfocused, repetitive, and unchallenging"
question
Latin grammar schools vs. English grammar schools (C)
answer
Latin grammar school~ "college preparatory school"~ Boy entered in around 7-8 and learned Latin and Greek texts; English grammar schools~ Secondary education that would provide practical instruction, Navigation, engineering, bookkeeping, foreign language, Commercial rather than religious subjects
question
Names of European Thinkers whose ideas have influence schooling in the US (B)
answer
Friedrich Froebel of Germany~ developed the first kindergarten in 1837 (Elizabeth Peabody brought Froebel's ideas to the US); Johann Pestalozzi~ wanted to educate the heads, hearts, and hands of his pupils( Object lessons~ focused on actual objects and pictures, Learning through sense perceptions and sequencing of learning experiences from the known to the unknown); Johann Friedrich Herbart~ stressed that the primary purpose of education was moral development (Highly structured mode of teaching); Maria Montessori~ emphasized learning through the senses for young children
question
Plessy v. Ferguson vs. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
answer
Plessy v. Ferguson~ 1896. SCOTUS upheld the constitutionality of "separate but equal"; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka~ 1954. SCOTUS ruled that separate educational facilities are unequal and segregated schools were also illegal
question
Universal education vs. Comprehensive education (C)
answer
Universal education~ schooling for everyone; Comprehensive high school~ the most common form of high school in the US, designed to offer a range of preparation programs, including college prep and vocational education
question
Basic precepts of each of the four perspectives on the philosophy of education (B)
answer
Perennialism, Essentialism, Romanticism, Progressivism
question
Perennialism (A)
answer
sees human nature as constant, with few changes over time. Promotes the advancement of the intellect as the central purpose of schools. Stresses academic rigor and discipline; Derived from Plato's views on truth and nature; Emphasize classical thought as subject matter; In the early years, teacher-directed instructional approach is the best; Criticism: promoting a "Eurocentric" view of knowledge; Hold onto the Great Books
question
Essentialism (A)
answer
emphasizes a core body of knowledge and skills necessary for effective participation in society. Believes that an educated person must have this core of knowledge and skills and that all children should be taught it; Plato's idealism and Aristotle's realism; Learn to observe and measure the physical world accurately; use reasoning ability to gain new knowledge (Perennialists believe reasoning alone can lead to truth); Critical core of info and skills that every person should have ; Do not focus as intently on truths like perennialists; Less concerned with the classics are more focused on what will help a person be productive today; Make room for scientific, technical, and even vocational emphases in the curriculum
question
Romanticism (A)
answer
child-centered that condemns the influences of society and suggests instead that a child's natural curiosity and the natural world should be used to teach; Rousseau~ children are born good and pure; Needs of the individual more than of society; Self-fulfillment, education is a natural process where children have innate curiosity; Teacher responds to the children's questions, but are not imposing; Learning is self-guided and self-directed; Montessori, Froebel, and Pestalozzi agree with Rousseau and human's innate curiosity
question
Progressivism (A)
answer
sees nature as ever-changing. Because the world is always changing and new situations require new solutions to problems, learners must develop as problem solvers; Mind = mechanism for problem solving; Teacher identifies student's interests and shapes curriculum around that; Teacher is a facilitator to the problem-solving process; Imaginative and resourceful; No set curriculum or knowledge the students must learn; How to think rather than what to think
question
Constructivism (A)
answer
In order for information to be internalized by the learner, it must be integrated into the learner's preexisting knowledge base. A theory based on research or cognitive psychology that people learn from constructing their own knowledge through an active learning process rather than by simply observing knowledge directly from another source
question
Constructivist theory (A)
answer
existing knowledge is used to build new knowledge
question
Formative assessment vs. summative assessment (C)
answer
Summative assessment~ evaluation used to assess the adequacy or outcome of a program after the program has been fully developed and implemented; Formative assessment~ evaluation used as a means of identifying a particular point of difficulty and prescribing areas in need of further work or development. It is applied in developmental or implementation stages
question
Key Implications of cognitive science for learning and teaching in school (B)
answer
Fuller understanding of: structure of knowledge, problem solving and reasoning, and early foundations of learning. Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about how the world works. If their initial understanding is not engaged, they may fail to grasp the new concepts and information that are taught. To develop competence in an area of inquiry, students must a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge, b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework and c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and application. A "metacognitive" approach to instruction can help students to learn to take controlof their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in achieving them.
question
Metacognition (A)
answer
refers to people's abilities to predict their performances on various task and monitor their current levels of mastery and understanding; Often takes the form of internal conversation
question
Misconceptions vs. Preconceptions (A)
answer
Preconceptions~ understandings of the phenomena around one (accurate or not); Misconceptions~ misunderstandings because of faulty knowledge
question
Prior knowledge (A)
answer
You know that you know it; information that you are aware you know. A combination of a person's pre-existing attitudes, experiences, and knowledge. A student's prior knowledge can affect his performance in the class positively or negatively, can affect openness to new information.
question
Scaffolding (A)
answer
Providing assistance - some structure, clues, help with remembering certain steps or procedures, or encouragement to try - when a learner is on the verge of solving a problem but can't complete it independently
question
Transfer of learning (A)
answer
Must have achieved a threshold of initial learning to support transfer; Spending a lot of time on task is not sufficient to ensure effective learning; Learning with understanding is more likely to promote transfer than simply memorizing information; Knowledge that is taught in a variety of contexts is more likely to support flexible transfer than knowledge; Learn better if they learn how to extract underlying themes; Active process; Involves transfer from previous experience; Sometimes brings subsequent learning; applying knowledge
question
Behaviorism vs. Cognitive science (C)
answer
Behaviorism~ Classical conditioning, Study of observable behaviors through stimulus and response, Watson, Skinner, Pavloc, Waldon II; Cognitive Sciences~ Mental operations ---> Structure or Process, The study of how people learn to think and solve problems, Neuroscientists~ like to see which parts of the brain light up, Scaffolding~ building structures, Cognitive psychologists
question
Components of the information processing theory of learning (B)
answer
1. Information ---> (Perception Screen) Short term memory ---> (Mental operations) Long term memory ---> Retrieval ---> Expression ---> Reaction 2. Pay attention to sensory experience 3. Perception 4. Attentional Screen 5. Expression 6. Short-term memory, long-term memory ---> psychologists, information processing (like a computer) 7. Mental operations 8. Retrieval
question
Long-term memory vs. short-term memory (C)
answer
Long-term memory~ memory in which associations among items are stored, as part of the theory of a dual-store memory model; Teacher's responsibility to not just help kids for a test but give them something to remember for long after that. 1) Long-term memory is a general store of remembered information over time, and short-term memory is stored in a different part of the brain and can only be recalled for a short time after stimuli.
question
Mnemonics vs. chunking (C)
answer
Mnemonics~ associations, Mnemonics is a way of increasing the effectiveness of memory by associating a simpler form with a longer or more complicated set of information. A common mnemonic device is combining the first letters of the items on a list (ROYGBIV = colors of the spectrum); Chunking~ organization, Chunking occurs when someone breaks down a long list of items into smaller groups or "chunks" that can be remembered more easily. For example, it is easier to remember social security numbers in groups of two or three numerals than to remember all nine numerals at once.
question
Perception vs. attentional screen (C)
answer
Perception~ Information enters your head, all information that is in your environment. Perception is how information is processed by the five senses; Attentional screen~ Somewhere in your head where you filter out the information that doesn't matter, ability to tune things out. Teachers need to provide environment where students can obtain crucial learning
question
Perception vs. expression (C)
answer
Perception~ information enters, taking in the information; Expression~ how you understand your perceptions and express what you have perceived, being able to say it back if teacher asks question about what they said
question
Recollection (Plato) vs. Prior Knowledge (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking) (C)
answer
Recollection~ soul is immortal. Learning is just remembering this knowledge, Knowledge comes from the inside, yet schools are set up from the outside; Prior knowledge~ "Instead, the teacher must actively inquire into students' thinking, creating classroom tasks and conditions under which student thinking can be revealed. Students' initial conceptions then provide the foundation on which the more formal understanding of the subject matter is built" (Bransford), Consciously know about a subject
question
Retrieval (A)
answer
"Transfer"~ allows the students to apply what was learned in new situations and to learn related information more quickly (Bransford); Knowledge retrieval~ "Seeks to return information in a structured form, consistent with human cognitive processes as opposed to single lists of data items" (wikipedia); Once information has been encoded and stored in memory, it must be retrieved in order to be used. It is the process of accessing stored memories.
question
Schema vs. mental processes (C)
answer
Schema~ way knowledge connects in a certain person's brain ---> knowledge, Patterns in which we arrange knowledge so its easily accessible; Process~ (meaning fulness) ---> thinking/reflection, Activities we do to the information, we don't only process info going in, but also apply it to knowledge that we already know
question
A child's "genius" (Levy) (A)
answer
Child's genius~ "everyone has a genius according to the word's essential meaning of 'a particular character or essential spirit'"; Makes them unique
question
Educational suicide (A)
answer
when a student sets himself up for failure
question
Moderate challenge (A)
answer
In between being way too easy and way too hard. Moderate risk taking increase performance, persistence, perceived competence, self-knowledge, pride, and satisfaction
question
Multiple intelligences (B)
answer
1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Naturalistic 7. Interpersonal 8. Intrapersonal 9. Existential
question
Students as workers (Metzger, Levy) (A)
answer
Give students more responsibility; Switch the work of the class from from you to the students; Move the responsibility for thinking from you to them; Keep the class engage; What could the students do for themselves? Who is doing most of the thinking in this lesson? Who needs practice doing this work?
question
Effective teaching vs. transformational teaching (C)
answer
Effective teaching~ Teachers Behaviors Research~ 1960s-1980s, Pretest-intervention-posttest experiments with typical teachers ("process-product" research), Advantages: useful information, employed scientific measures, wait-time, Disadvantages: experiments were brief, not very "scientific," behaviors studied were trivial, effects measured by standardized test scores, compromised by novelty effect, experimenter bias; Transformational teaching~ Teacher Effects Research~ 1980s-present, Value-added research (comparing student test scores according to teacher and demographics), Excellent teachers research~ analysis of report and nominations, observations, and interviews, Advantages: reveals powerful influence of individual teachers, value-added stats provide info that may be useful for differentiating teacher pay and improving schools, Disadvantages: few connections to teacher actions
question
A student's self-fulfilling prophecy (A)
answer
Self-fulfilling prophecy~ students' behavior that comes about as a result of teachers' expectations that the students will behave in a certain way. Teachers expect students to behave in a certain way and communicate those expectations by both overt and subtle means, and students respond by behaving in the way expected
question
Academic aspects of award-winning teachers (Tate) (B)
answer
Not necessarily pal, buddy, but advocate, advisor; Not necessarily dramatic, charismatic, but enthusiastic, passionate; Not necessarily eccentric, single-minded, but normal, dedicated; Not necessarily needed to be loved, but care unselfishly and unreservedly; Not just responsible, businesslike, demanding, but also flexible, imaginative, challenging; Not just knowing the subject well, but also know students well, awaken appreciation for subject, infect students with passion for learning; Not just teach students well, but also change/transform students' lives; Not just instructional expert but also moral exemplar; Academic behaviors~ stimulate, motivate, enthusiasm, appreciation, thinking process, challenge
question
Academic engaged time (A)
answer
Academic engaged time~ (engaged learning time) is the time a student spends being successfully engaged with academically relevant activities or materials; Strongly related to achievement in those subjects; Efficient teachers can engage their students about 30 minutes a day longer than the "average" teacher
question
"Calling in the cosmos" (Metzger) (A)
answer
Calling in the cosmos~ making your students think that your subject is the biggest thing since sliced bread; "My colleague Liz Kean teases me about how I convey the importance of education to my students. "Kids think your class is the most important event since the discovery of ice cream," she says. "You insist that what they are doing is important, that it matters in the great scheme of the universe. Even during routine work, you `call in the cosmos.'"
question
Characteristics of Reflective teaching (B)
answer
What am I doing and why? How can I better meet my students' needs? What are some alternative learning activities to achieve these objects? How could I have encouraged more involvement or learning on the part of the students? Planning decisions, Implementing decisions, Evaluating decisions
question
Classroom management vs. discipline (C)
answer
Classroom management~ "the actions teachers take to create an environment that is respectful, caring, orderly, and productive. Supports and facilitates both academic and socioemotional learning"; Teacher-student rapport, Arranging the physical environment, Establishing rules and procedures, Maintaining student attention, Housekeeping duties like record keeping, managing time, facilities, resources, Prevent misbehavior
question
Common problems for beginning teachers (B)
answer
1. The school milieu: the shock of the familiar 2. Administrators: mixed bag, as well as many hats and pressures 3. Peers: a mixed blessing 4. Instruction: so much to learn 5. Students; friends or fiends? 6. Parents: natural allies with different agendas
question
Effective teaching (A)
answer
Good attitudes (Towards themselves *self-understanding", Towards children, Towards peers and pupils' parents, Toward the subject matter), Reflective decision maker, Subject-matter knowledge, Theoretical knowledge, Personal practical knowledge, Skills
question
Essential skills of a good or effective teacher (B)
answer
1. Asking different kinds of questions 2. Providing effective feedback 3. Planning instruction and student learning activities 4. Diagnosing student needs and learning difficulties 5. Varying the learning situation 6. Recognizing when students are paying attention 7. Using technological equipment to enhance student learning 8. Assessing student learning 9. Differentiating instruction based on the students' experiences, interests, and academic abilities 10. Using students' cultures to make learning experiences relevant
question
Expert teacher vs. novice teacher (C)
answer
Beginning~ 1-3 years, Role: Custodian~ taking care of kids, like a prison guard, Focus: Surviving; Master/expert~ 6 or more years, Lots of practice, reflective, Role: Artist~ operating on lots of imagination, style, or mark, Focus: Teaching students
question
Offerings of advice for beginning teachers (B)
answer
1. Get out 2. Hunt for a place to work 3.) Try to stay out of petty politics 4.) Find a friend with a sense of humor 5.) Begin now 6.) Keep a teaching journal 7. Maintain the proper frame of mind 8. Find a mentor 9. Make your students' parents your allies 10. Take evaluation seriously 11. Take care of yourself
question
Pedagogical content knowledge (A)
answer
Pedagogical content knowledge~ the knowledge that bridges content knowledge and pedagogy. Knowing subject and how to teach it; Represents the "blending of content and pedagogy into an understanding of how particular topics, problems, or issues are organized, represented, and adapted to the diverse interests and abilities of learners, and presented for instruction"
question
Possible foci for teacher passion (Fried) (B)
answer
1. Passionate about your field of knowledge 2. Passionate about issues facing our world 3. Passionate about children
question
Reflective teaching (A)
answer
Reflective teaching~ continually examine and evaluate their attitudes, practices, effectiveness, and accomplishments
question
Relational aspects of award-winning teachers (Tate) (A)
answer
Relationship behaviors~ know kids, dedication, nurturing, listening, teach values, transforming
question
Teacher expectations (A)
answer
Should believe that all students can succeed helps student achievement; Self-awareness of certain attitudes and biases need to be eliminated
question
Teacher expectations vs. a student's self-fulfilling prophecy (C)
answer
Teacher expectations: Should believe that all students can succeed helps student achievement, Self-awareness of certain attitudes and biases need to be eliminated; Student's self-fulfilling prophecy~ students' behavior that comes about as a result of teachers' expectations that the students will behave in a certain way. Teachers expect students to behave in a certain way and communicate those expectations by both overt and subtle means, and students respond by behaving in the way expected
question
Teacher traits that engender affection and regard (B)
answer
1. Respect, courtesy, and fairness 2. Caring and understanding 3. Humor 4. Love of children
question
The passionate teacher (Fried) (A)
answer
"As passionate teachers, we share our commitment to active learning by showing, not just telling. We are readers, writers, researchers, explorers of new knowledge, new ideas, new techniques and technologies, new ways of looking at old facts and theories. Our very excitement about these things helps young people reach beyond their social preoccupations and self-centeredness. When we are no longer learning, we no longer teach because we have lost the power to exemplify for young people what it means to be intellectually active."
question
Wait time vs. academic engaged time (C)
answer
Wait time~ the time a teacher spends waiting for an answer after posing a question. Research indicates that good questioning practices involve giving students sufficient time to think about and respond to each question; Academic engaged time~ (engaged learning time) is the time a student spends being successfully engaged with academically relevant activities or materials
question
Ways that a strong and positive student-teacher relationship enhances learning (B)
answer
1. "Researchers continue to report that the teacher has a significant impact on student achievement. Based on extensive analysis of research, Robert and Jana Marzano claim that the 'quality of teacher-student relationships is the keystone for all other aspects of classroom management'" ~Mawhinney and Sagan 2. "on average, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students and 31% fewer discipline problems, rule violations, and related problems over a year's time than did teachers who did not have high-quality relationships with their students" ~Marzano and Marzano 3. If a teacher knows their students, they can know the best way for them to learn
question
Ways to avoid or reduce problems in classroom management (B)
answer
1. Expect the best from kids 2. Make the implicit explicit 3. Rewards, Yes! Punishments, No! 4. Let the punishment fit the crime 5. If you must punish, remove privileges 6. "Ignor"ance is bliss 7. Consistency is the best policy 8. Know each student well 9. Use school work as rewards 10. Treat students with love and respect
question
Ways to maintain a personal life as a beginning teacher (B)
answer
1. Get out 2.) Season tickets for cultural events 3.) Schedule regular social events 4.) Find a friend with a sense of humor 5.) Students as workers
question
Withitness (A)
answer
"teachers who are "with it" are those who communicate to pupils and so, by their behavior, appear that they know what is going on"; Pick up the first sign of misbehavior; "Eyes in the back of their heads"
question
Zone of proximal development (A)
answer
a range of tasks that a child cannot yet do alone but can accomplish when assisted by a more skilled partner; Child is on the verge of being able to solve a problem, but just needs some structure, clues, help with remembering certain steps or procedures, or encouragement to try
question
Acceleration vs. enrichment (C)
answer
Acceleration~ gifted children can learn at a pace commensurate with their abilities, allowing them to progress to advanced materials faster than their age norms or grade levels; Enrichment~ provide gifted students with opportunities to go beyond the regular curriculum in greater depth and breadth, to engage in independent or collaborative inquiry that develops their problem-solving abilities, research skills, and creativity
question
Affective Education (A)
answer
"Affective learning outcomes involve attitudes, motivation, and values. The expression of these often involves statements of opinions, beliefs, or an assessment of worth"; "An educational system that ignores or rejects affective aspects of behavior runs the risk of making itself ineffective" ~Combs; Why? 1.) Our meaning-oriented brains; 2.) Learning is the personal discovery of meaning; 3.) Feeling and Emotion as Indicators of Meaning; 4.) Affective factors in learning; Education that takes feelings like self-concept and belonging into consideration
question
Approaches to multicultural education (B)
answer
Multicultural education~ "An idea, an educational reform movement, and a process whose major goal is to change the structure of educational institutions so that male and female students, exceptional students, and students who are members of diverse racial, ethnic, language, and cultural groups will have an equal chance to achieve academically in school"; Teaching the exceptional and culturally different, Human relations, Single-group studies, Multicultural approaches, Multicultural social justice
question
Bilingual education/ESL education (C)
answer
Bilingual education~ developing literacy in two languages, Critics think children should learn English quickly and fast to become immersed fast, English speaking students and foreign speaking students in one class; ESL~ In a separate classroom or pull-out programs
question
Classroom bargains (A)
answer
Arrangements between teachers and students that promote mutual goals or keep the peace
question
Culturally responsive teaching (A)
answer
a method of embracing students' cultural backgrounds by modifying classroom conditions or activities to include elements that relate to the students' culture
question
Diversity in schools (A)
answer
1. Racial and ethnic backgrounds 2. Primary language other than English 3. Academic abilities, achievements, and learning styles 4. Diverse needs 5. Boys and girls 6. LGBT 7. Socioeconomic backgrounds
question
Diversity vs. different from me (C)
answer
Diversity means to have many different ethnic groups represented, not just groups different from yourself
question
ELL (A)
answer
English Language Learners~ students whose native language is not English and have difficulty understanding English; 80% of the children of immigrants were born in the US; 3/4s of the ELLs were born in the US
question
Full inclusion vs. mainstreaming (C)
answer
Inclusion~ commitment to educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the regular school and classroom; Mainstreaming~ practice of placing special education students in general education classes for at least part of the day
question
IEP (A)
answer
Individualized Education Program~ outlines both long-range and short-range goals for the child
question
Immersion model of bilingual education vs. transitional model of bilingual education (C)
answer
Transitional model~ provides intensive English-language instruction, but students get some portion of their academic instruction in their native language; English immersion~ those that focus on developing literacy in only English
question
Inclusion (A)
answer
Commitment to educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the regular school and classroom
question
Models of Bilingual Education (B)
answer
1. Transitional model 2. Maintenance or developmental bilingual education 3. English immersion model
question
Race and ethnicity (C)
answer
Race~ refers to people with a common ancestry and physical characteristics; Ethnicity~ people who may be racially similar or different but who share a common culture, usually including language, customs, and religion
question
School program alternatives for ELLs (B)
answer
Most schools have discontinued bilingual education; sheltered English Immersion, bilingual classrooms, ESL pull out. total immersion, partial immersion, pull-out
question
Schooling for cultural pluralism/schooling for assimilation (C)
answer
Cultural pluralism~ calls for an understanding and appreciation of the cultural differences and languages among U.S. citizens, Rejects both assimilation and separatism, Doesn't really exist in the US, Promote diversity and avoid the dominance of a single culture; Assimilation~ process of incorporating an immigrant group into the mainstream culture (enculturation)
question
Shopping mall high school (A)
answer
School = shopping mall, Cater to a variety of student consumers, Variety and choice, Student-customers make their own choices, Some customers are serious about buying, others just browsing, others meeting with their friends, Specialty shops
question
Social distance (A)
answer
Distance that you have from someone else in terms of social hierarchy, need to think about comfort and production level with students in terms of social distance; Social distance~ the psychological relationships between individuals, ranging from the formal to the familiar
question
Things teachers can do to enhance the learning of ELLs (B)
answer
1. Establish a nurturing environment 2.) Know your learners 3.) Build on your students' prior literacy experiences 4.) Background knowledge and personalize lessons 5.) Directly teach new vocab 6.) Engage ELLs in daily oral langauge activities
question
Worlds of Childhood (B)
answer
1. Family 2. Friends 3. School 4. Work
question
Abuse/neglect (C)
answer
Abuse~ "the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or expatiation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of eighteen, or the age specified by the child protection law of the state in question, by a person who is responsible for the child welfare under the circumstances which indicate that the child's health or welfare are harmed or threatened thereby" ~Cates, Markell, and Bettenhausen; Neglect~ "typically involves a failure on the part of a parent, guraden, or other responsible party to provide for the child's basic needs, such as food, shelter, medical care, educational opportunities, or protection and supervision. Furthermore, neglect is associated with abandonment and inadequate supervision" ~Cates, Markell, and Bettenhausen
question
Behavioral and/or physical indicators of abuse and neglect (B)
answer
1. Repeated injuries (like bruises) 2. Neglected appearance, stealing food, difficulty staying awake, or poor hygiene 3. Sudden fall-off in academic performance 4. Disruptive or passive, withdrawn behavior 5. Secret or furtive behavior when using the internet
question
Cyberbullying (A)
answer
Bullying through information and communication technologies such as mobile phone text messages, e-mail messages, Internet chat rooms, and social networking sites like Facebook, Myspace, or Bebo
question
Factors determining SES (B)
answer
Socioeconomic status~ term used by the US Bureau of the Census to classify economic conditions of people using a family's occupational status, income, and educational attainment as measures of status; High economic status: individuals high in income, occupational prestige, and amount of education; Low economic status: lower-class people who have little prestige or power
question
Generational poverty (A)
answer
being in poverty for two generations or longer
question
Ways for determining whether a student may be educationally "at risk" (B)
answer
1. At risk students~ students in serious jeopardy of not succeeding at school or failing 2. Risk factors: (1. Not living with two parents 2. The head of the household is a high school dropout 3. Family income is below the poverty line 4. The child is living with a parent or parents who do not have steady, full-time employment 5. The family is receiving welfare benefits 6. The child does not health insurance)
question
Zero-tolerance policies (C)
answer
Automatic suspension or expulsion of students who bring forbidden items, such as drugs or weapons, to school or who engage in undesired behavior
question
Achievement Gap (A)
answer
Differences in educational achievement between students of different socioeconomic or racial and ethnic groups
question
"No excuses"/"blame the victim" (C)
answer
Locus of control~ where the blame lies (Internal locus of control~ the individual is primarily responsible for their successes and failures; External locus of control~ attribute their success and failures to outside factors: luck, fate, etc.); Blame the victim~ "a perspective that highlights the socioeconomic causes of low achievement 'blames the victim' and legitimizes racism"; "'Makes excuses' for poor instruction or because demands for social and economic reform 'let schools off the hook' for raising student achievement"
question
SEI (A)
answer
Structured English Immersion~ teaching that's comprehensible to ELL
question
Ways educators can reduce the achievement gap in schools (C)
answer
Put faith in the students, encouragement, challenge them, Make learning fun and worthwhile, Emerging scholar program, Calvert Program, Knowledge is Power Program
question
Ways society can reduce the achievement gap (outside of schools) (C)
answer
1. Changing attitudes 2. Nationwide elimination of poverty 3. When racism is recognized as very bad 4. Ensure good pediatric and dental care for all students in school-based clinics 5. Expand existing low-income housing subsidy programs 6. Provide higher-quality early childhood care 7. Increase the earned income tax credit, minimum wage, collective bargaining rights 8. Promote mixed-income housing development in suburbs 9. Fund after school programs
question
Characteristics of effective schools (B)
answer
1. Effective schools~ schools that provide a significantly better education for a much larger percentage of their students than do other schools serving similar student populations 2. Characteristics of an effective school: (1. High teacher expectations 2. Communication among teachers 3. Task orientation 4. Academic engaged time is high 5. Behavior management~ minimized time on discipline 6. Principal is an instructional leader 7. Parents are involved 8. Healthy School environment)
question
Charter schools/magnet schools (C)
answer
Charter school~ school in which the educators, often joined by members of the local community, have made a special contract, or charter, with the school district. Usually the charter allows the school a great deal of independence in its operation; Magnet school~ an alternative school that provides instruction in specified areas such as the arts, medicine, or science. In many cases, they are established as a method of promoting voluntary desegregation in school
question
Common student experiences in elementary schools (B)
answer
1. Definite limits on their freedom in class 2. Waiting 3. Denial of desire 4. Interruptions 5. Social distraction
question
Cuban's criteria for determining a good school (B)
answer
1. Are parents, staff, and students satisfied with what occurs in the school? 2. Is the school achieving the expect goals it has set for itself? 3. Are democratic behaviors, values, and attitudes evident in the students?
question
Nondiscussables (A)
answer
"subjects sufficiently important that they get talked about frequently but are so laden with anxiety and taboos that these conversations take place only at the parking lot, the men's room, the playground, the car pool, or the dinner table at home
question
Roles of an elementary school teacher (B)
answer
1. Gatekeeper~ decides who speaks 2. Dispense of supplies~ dole out supplies 3. Granter of special privileges~ give out privileges to deserving students 4. Timekeeper~ decides when an activity begins and ends
question
School culture (A)
answer
the prevailing mores, values, and rituals that permeate a school
question
Tracking (A)
answer
The homogeneous grouping of students for learning tasks on the basis of some measure(s) of their abilities
question
Ways school traditions are practiced and revealed in school culture (B)
answer
1. Symbols~ simple signs that represent something else, recognized by members of the same culture as having certain common meanings 2. Rituals~ repeated, customary actions that occur at prescribed times. Take on a tradition 3. Ceremonies~ special events packed with many different symbols and rituals
question
NBPTS/INTASC (C)
answer
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards~ recognize and provide greater support to superior (Level three) teachers, Benefits: Sometimes a salary raise, NBPTS certification is portable, Doubts: No solid knowledge base in teaching, Public relations move, Organization promoting a failed "progressive ideology"; Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium~ CCSSO has shifted its focus to standards for all teachers, new and old, Model standards for "board-compatible" teacher licensing, Core standards that apply across grade levels and subject matter for all teachers
question
NEA/AFT (C)
answer
National Education Association~ professional association (3.2 million members, Operates on the national, state, and local school district levels, Urban, suburban, and rural school teachers, Wide range of services~ publications, research, etc., Special services~ travel programs, insurance policies, etc., Supported NBPTS, Champion of small class sizes, Special programs for linguistic and ethnic groups within schools, Consistently backs Democratic candidates; American Federation of Teachers~ Represents teachers in urban areas, Affiliated with AFL-CIO, Collective bargaining process, Agressive techniques, Academic freedom and greater participation in decision making by teachers, Albert Shanker advocated for NBPTS, certain kids of merit pay, higher minimum standards for teachers, and longer and more intense teacher education
question
Reasons teaching in the US is a profession (B)
answer
1. Teachers' commitment to service 2. Teacher's unique skills 3. Teacher's autonomy 4. Spend their own money 5. Continually being educated 6. Have responsibility to teach effectively 7. Free to move to another school 8. Decide which aspects of curriculum to emphasize
question
Reasons teaching in the US is not a profession (B)
answer
1. A Child's Many teachers 2. Limited training 3. Constraints on Autonomy 4. Responsibility for their profession 5. Job security and Salary 6. Entrance isn't competitive 7. Only superior to students
question
Ways a teacher can continue his or her professional development (B)
answer
1. Professional development~ efforts both by a school and by individual teachers to improve their skills and competencies 2. In-service programs~ most schools and their districts sponsor professional development like courses, workshops, or short retreats 3. Supervision 4. Mentoring 5. Group study 6. Graduate study 7. Independent study 8. Systematic reflection on practice
question
Academic responsibilities of teaching/relational responsibilities of teaching (C)
answer
Academic responsibilities --> Truth --> Honesty (Motivate, encourage, interest, show enthusiasm, challenge students, demand success, teach thinking processes, teach appreciation); Relational responsibilities --> Development/growth --> Nurturance/Care (Know children, demonstrate dedication to students, serve as nurturing advisors and advocates, take time to listen to students, model good conduct)
question
Different professional roles teachers may perform and still maintain contact with students in classrooms (Tate) (B)
answer
1. Change levels 2. Change subjects 3. Change schools 4. Department heads 5. Inclusion teacher 6. Specialists 7. Extracurriculars 8. Coach 9. Teacher's association 10. Mentoring 11. Curriculum
question
Important issues in the ethics of teaching (B)
answer
Sexual attraction, suspected abuse or neglect, racism
question
Multiple roles of the principal (B)
answer
1. Official leaders of the school 2. Helpers 3. Policymakers 4. Crisis managers 5. Facilitators 6. Reward dispensers 7. Judges 8. Buffers 9. Sacrificial lambs
question
Principals as helpers/principals as judges (C)
answer
Helpers~ dispense information and materials, Can be sources of tips, shortcuts, and helpful suggestions; Judges~ makes the decision about a new teacher's qualifications to teach in the school, Recommendations for or against teachers
question
Reasons for parent-teacher problems (B)
answer
1. Varied perceptions 2. Judgments on students 3. Differences of social class and experiences 4. Overburdened parents 5. The pain of change 6. Special problems 7. Privilege and responsibility
question
Shock of the familiar (A)
answer
Culture shock~ feeling of dislocation that people experience when they initially live in a foreign country
question
Ways a teacher may react to re-evaluation of his or her job at a mid-point career decision point (B)
answer
Drop out~ 1/2 teachers leave in the first 5 years; Burn out~ refers to people who work really hard, Students should take on responsibilities, students as workers (Metzger and Levy); Stall out at experienced teacher stage = fine; Move up --> 1.) add a role 2.) change teaching positions 3.) change working conditions 4.) continue to learn
question
Good ideas for building a productive classroom environment (B)
answer
Good management, knowing students, bringing out genius, positive relationships with students, set high standards
question
Ways teachers can provide for appropriate levels of risk and challenge to increase student motivation (B)
answer
Real world application, calling in cosmos, setting high standards, rewarding small achievements; Don't scare them with too many risky things, has to do with age, appropriate levels, based on attention span, take into consideration all of their other issues and work that they have in upper grades
