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one individual living thing.

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Organism

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a group of the same species that live in one area.

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Population

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a group of different species that live together in one area.

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Community

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includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks, and other non-living thing in an area.

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Ecosystem

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a major regional or global community of organisms.

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Biome

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Observation, Experimentation, and Modeling

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Three general methods used by ecologists to study organisms.

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the act of carefully watching something over time.

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Observation

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when scientists perform in a lab or in the natural area where the organisms live.

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Experimentation

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used to explore organisms and whole ecosystems in ways that would not be possible in a natural system.

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Modeling

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They provide the basis for an ecosystem's energy.

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How does the stability of an ecosystem depend on its producers?

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The energy is stored within an organism but most of the energy is lost to the environment as heat.

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What happens to energy as it flows through a food web?

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Oxygen Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, and Phosphorus Cycle.

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Four elements that cycle through ecosystems.

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a diagram that compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem.

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Biomass Pyramid

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gives a count of the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

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Pyramid of Numbers

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Food, Nonliving conditions, and behaviour.

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Three parts of an organism's ecological niche.

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an interaction in which both organisms benefit.

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Mutualism

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a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed.

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Commensalism

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relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed.

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Parasitism

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Type I, Type II, Type III

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Three survivorship curves that show three types of reproductive strategies.

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typical of humans and other large animals.

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Type I

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typical of birds, small mammals, and some reptiles.

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Type II

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typical of invertebrates.

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Type III

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Immigration, births, emigration, and deaths.

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Four factors that determine the growth rate of a population.

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the maximum number of a particular species the environment can support.

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Carrying capacity

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Tropical rain forest, grassland, desert, temperature forest, taiga, tundra.

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Six major biome types

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-near the equator (africa, south america, pacific islands) -lots of rain -hot and humid all year round -temperatures are fairly constant -soil has poor nutrients -plants have shallow roots -ex of animals and plants: exotic birds, large cats, snakes, mahogany tree, orchids.

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Tropical rain forest

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known as "the bread basket of the world" -in every country -wet seasons followed by dry seasons. -soil is rich and fertile -plants:wheat, barley, corn -animals:bison, prairie dog (usa), gazelle, elephant (africa), kangaroo, wallaby (australia)

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Grassland

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very dry & little rain -climates go to extremes -soil is nutrient poor -plants: cactus, wildflowers -animals: lizards, camels

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Desert

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wide range of temperatures -has 4 seasons -soil is rich in nutrients

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Temperature Deciduous Forest

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winters are long and cold; summers are short -world's largest land biome -no permafrost

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Taiga

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coldest and longest winters. Not a lot of plant life.- -soil is poor -permafrost

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Tundra

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The depth and available sunlight affect the life in the oceans.

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What conditions account for the development of highly diverse habitats in coastal waters?

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Agriculture, medicine, and transportation.

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Three examples of how technology has influences human population growth.

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can be made again (man made)

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Renewable Resources

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can't be made again so when they are gone we can't make more.

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Nonrenewable Recources

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It slows down the loss of heat.

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How does the greenhouse effect keep Earth warm?

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Tells us how healthy an ecosystem is. Ex. frogs and water quality.

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What does an indicator species tell us about the health of an ecosystem?

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It gives stability and its important for medicine.

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Give two reasons why biodiversity is important to humans.

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Natural resources and future generations

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Two examples of sustainable development

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Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome

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Levels of organization

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amount of salt (salinity), amount of dissolved oxygen, sunlight

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Limiting factors in water biomes

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contains little or no salt, so it has a low salinity.

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Freshwater

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rivers & streams

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Flowing Freshwater

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greater the amount of dissolved oxygen in it.

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The faster a stream flows the

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more oxygen

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Faster water flows=

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water moves slower and debris settle on the bottom.

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Rivers

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nutrients because of the debris that settles on the bottom and less dissolved oxygen.

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Rivers have more...

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lakes and ponds

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Still Freshwater

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small, shallow bodies of water. Sunlight penetrates all the way to the bottom. Most completely filled with plant material. Very high amount of nutrients.

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Ponds

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larger and deeper than ponds. plant growth is limited to the shoreline. sunlight does not penetrate to the bottom= no plants after a certain depth.

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Lakes

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microscopic algae, plants, and other organisms that float on the surface of water biomes. Need sunlight to survive.

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Plankton

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important producers in the water biomes. They are the first step in many aquatic food chains.

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Phytoplankton

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area where a river meets an ocean. Located near coastlines, border land. Extememly fertile. Nutrient levels are higher than both salt and freshwater.

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Estuaries (Wetlands)

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tides have a huge influence on life here.

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Seashores

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portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide. -can be sandy or rocky. - Small fish, clams, crabs, other mussels are trapped in the tidal pools during low tide.

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Intertidal Zone

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can be divided into 2 life zones: Photic zone and aphotic zone

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Oceans

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above 200 meters -sunlight penetrates -made up of the euphotic and disphotic zones. -plant life and animal life is abundant.

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Photic zone

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below 200 meters -sunlight does not penetrate -there are no plants -animal life is highly specialized

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Aphotic Zone

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special adaptation in the deep ocean

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Bioluminescence

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study of the inheritance among living things and their surroundings.

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Ecology

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all organisms and the part of Earth where they exist.

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Biosphere

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organisms that gets its energy from nonliving sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals.

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Autotroph

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organism that gets its energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms.

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Heterotroph

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organism that gets its energy from abiotic sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals.

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Producer

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organism that gets its energy and nutrients by eating other organisms.

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Consumer

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organism that eats only plants.

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Herbivore

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organism that gets energy by only animals.

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Carnivore

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organism that eats both plants and animals.

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Omnivore

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organism that eats dead organic matter.

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Detritivore

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detritivore that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds, returning nutrients back into an ecosystem.

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Decomposer

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model that links organisms by their feeding relationships.

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Food Chain

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model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships within any ecosystem

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Food Web

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normal warming effect produced when gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in Earth's atmosphere.

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Greenhouse Effect

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average long-term weather pattern of a region.

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Climate

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living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

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Biotic

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nonliving factors in the environment, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil, and minerals.

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Abiotic

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combined biotic and abiotic factors found in the area where an organism lives.

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Habitat

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all of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species need to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce in an ecosystem.

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Ecological Niche

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diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or matter with each trophic level in a food chain or food web.

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Ecological Pyramid

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condition of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular.

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Weather

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the statistical study of populations, make predictions about how a population will change.

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Demography

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-size -density -disperstion (clumped, even/uniform, random)

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Three Key Features of Populations

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number of individuals in an area

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Size

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measurement of population per unit area of unit volume.

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Density

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immigration, emigration, density- dependent factors, density-independent factors.

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4 factors that affect density

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biotic factors in the environment that have an increasing effect as population size increase. (ex.) disease, parasites.

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Density-dependent factors

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abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density. (ex.) temperatures, storms

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Density-independent factors

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describes their spacing relative to each other

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Dispersion

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any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.

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Limiting factor

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a series of changes in a community in a community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones.

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Succession

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a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession.

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Climax Community

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process by which one organism hunts and kills another organism for food.

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Predation

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ecological relationship between member of at leat two different species that live in direct contact with one another.

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Symbiosis

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establishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited.

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Primary Succession

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organism that is the first to live in a previously uninhabited area.

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Pioneer Species

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reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact.

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Secondary Succession

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tree that has adapted to winter temperatures by dropping its leaves and going dormant during the cold season.

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Deciduous

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tree that keeps its needles year round and reproduces with cones.

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Coniferous

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layer of permanently frozen soil

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Permafrost

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marine zone that extends from the low tide mark to the end of the continental shelf.

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Coastal Ocean

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ecosystem in which water wither covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year.

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Wetland

Ecology: Chapter 13-16 – Flashcards

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