Diseases Of The Respiratory System Flashcard
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| upper respiratory tract consists of... |
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| nose, nasal cavity and sinuses above it, pharynx, epiglottis |
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| lower respiratory tract consists of... |
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| trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli sacs, alveoli, alveolar ducts |
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| upper respiratory tract defenses |
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| nasal hair, ciliary escalatory, mucus, coughing/sneezing, secretory IgA |
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| lower respiratory tract defenses |
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| mucus, alveolar macrophages, secretory IgA |
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| conducting division |
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| nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi provides rigid tubes for air to reach the lungs |
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| respiratory division |
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| bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli sites of gas exchange; where respiration takes place |
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| accessory organs |
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| diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternum, ribs |
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| acute coryza |
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| common cold; approx. 200 viruses; inflammation of the upper respiratory tract complications: sinusitis, swollen glands, tonsillitis, ear infections, secondary infections, hacking cough, sneezing, watery discharge, itchy/scratchy throat |
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| Rhinoviruses and the common cold |
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| 10-40%; early fall, spring, summer; 110 distinct types; seldom produce serious illnesses |
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| Coronaviruses and the common cold |
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| 20%; winter and early spring; large % of adult colds; only 3-4 out of 30+ infect humans |
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| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
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| 10-15%; more severe respiratory illnesses |
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| Sinusitis |
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| inflammation and/or infection of the sinuses; may be acute and last for a few weeks or chronic lasting for weeks-months complications: severe headaches, pain in the upper jaw and teeth, swelling of the eyelids, possible fever and rhinitis |
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| Pharyngitis |
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| caused by bacteria or viruses but bacteria is the worst; fewer than 20% require antibiotic therapy; determined through lab cultures what type of species has infected you complications: rapid onset of throat pain worsened by swallowing, fever, inflammation, colored exudate, headache, initial absence of cough |
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| Pharyngitis caused by Strep |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes; may produce fibrinolysis to lyse blood clots and streptolysins that are toxic to tissue cells, and red and white blood cells; a rise in IgM antibody indicates caused by strep; can lead to rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis |
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| scarlet fever |
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| group A streptococci that produces an erythrogenic toxin (due to lyrogenized bacteriophage; same thing that causes strep throat); treated by antibiotics complications: rash, fever, sore throat, swollen glands |
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| Diphtheria |
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| caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; toxin produced by lysogenized bacteriophage; can lead to myocarditis and low platelet counts; treated by antitoxin and antibiotics; we receive vaccination complications: sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, painful skin lesions, membrane growth near tonsils |
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| tonsillitis |
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| viral or bacterial infections; tonsils part of immune system complications: inflammation, fever, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen glands in neck, ear pain, sore throat |
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| epiglottitis |
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| caused by Heophilus influenzae and strains of Strep and Staph; could result in ER trip; more common in kids complications: swelling of all tissues surrounding glottis and narrows airway |
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| laryngitis |
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| caused by viral infection and sometimes physical stress on larynx; not very serious; stay hydrated complications: inflammation of vocal cords in larynx, hoarse/gravely voice, sore throat with possible fever, difficulty swallowing |
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| tracheitis |
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| viral infection; usually no treatment required; can become severe if swelling causes panic complications: inflammation of trachea, sore and burning sensation as air enters lungs, trachea feels raw with frequent coughing, sensation of swelling in windpipe |
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| bronchial tree |
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| as conducting tubes become smaller, the amount of smooth muscle increases large cartilaginous rings primary, secondary, tertiary, down to smaller than a hair |
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| bronchioles |
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| complete layer of circular smooth (rings) in stead of cartilage lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells 23 orders of branching |
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| whooping cough (Pertussis) |
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| Bordetella pertussis; highly infectious with low mortality rate; symptom relief and sometimes antibiotics; children immunized; can be very long-term complications: cold-like symptoms (catarrhal stage), sever coughing (paroxysmal stage), whooping noise during breathing btwn bursts of coughing until child may vomit (convalescence stage), mucous in airways |
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| Tuberculosis |
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| bacteria; ? currently infected and 1 person infected every second; 8 million people a year; 1.87 million people die; acid-fast bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis; a + test does not mean you have it; droplet infection; bacteria multiply and spread when macrophages lyse; treatment is drug cocktail; 12 month course of antibiotics |
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| complications from Tuberculosis |
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| complications: prolonged coughing maybe with blood, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, lesion (if not healed correctly can be very harmful bc releases bacteria into circulatory system), splitting headache |
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| pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) |
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| virulence due to capsule; most common pneumonia; mortality rate <1% complications: fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, sputum rust-colored from blood |
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| pneumonia Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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| virulence due to capsule; caused by different types of organisms; common in throat and mouth; similar to Strep. pneumonia; mortality rate in untreated cases is 85% complications: produces lung abscesses and permanent damage |
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| pneumonia Mycoplasma Pneumonia (mycoplasmal pneumonia) |
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| do not produce cell walls; more difficult to diagnose; more common in upper respiratory tract; very low mortality rate; not person to person transmission complications: low fever, cough, headache |
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| pneumonia Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires Disease) |
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| transmitted by water (air conditioning and fountains); can be fatal; needs to be diagnosed and treated quicker than other types complications: sudden onset w/ high fever, cough, chest pain |
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| Viral pneumonia |
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| complication of influenza or even chickenpox; not very common; most common in infants; considered viral if bacterium cannot be isolated from pneumonia patients |
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| Influenza |
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| caused by variety of viruses; 1-2 week recovery; different types differentiated by H and N antigens on virus surface; He help virus attach to cell, N help to separate complications: chills, fever, dry cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, headache, general muscular aches |
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| influenza type A |
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| most common and serious |
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| influenza type B |
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| can cause epidemics, but milder than type A |
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| influenza type C |
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| never causes epidemics, mild |
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| Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum |
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| fungal disease of lower respiratory system; resembles tuberculosis; passes for minor respiratory infection; found along ohio and mississippi rivers; airborne spores (bird and bat droppings provide nutrients for growth of fungus) complications: lesions on organs, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis |
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| Coccidiodomycosis - Coccidioides immitis |
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| endemic to dry, alkaline soils of southwest; less than 100 deaths; aerosol spread; forms spherules containing spores in tissues complications: tuberculosis signs/symptoms |
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| Pneumocystis pneumonia - Pneumocystis carinii Pneumocystic jiroveci |
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| fungus or protozoan; present in lungs of most healthy mammals; causes disease in immunosuppressed people (especially AIDS patients) complications: shortness of breath, fever, nonproductive cough; more serious cases include blood in sputum, great difficulty breathing, chest pain |
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| asthma |
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| allergy; swollen bronchioles complications: labored breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, inflammation, bronchospasm, airways thickened with inflammatory exudates |
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| bronchitis |
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| inflammation of the bronchi; acute or chronic |
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| Bronchiolitis |
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| inflammation of the bronchioles; airway becomes obstructed from swelling of bronchiole walls |
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| cystic fibrosis |
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| constant build up of mucous in the lungs; |
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| emphysema |
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| destruction of alveolar tissue; from smoking or inhalation of toxic substances; air sacs i lungs progressively enlarge and can't empty completely before you exhale again; trapped air results in flattening of diaphragm and make you feel short of breath; weakened and collapsed air sacs with excess mucus |
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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| exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema; develop respiratory failure; history of smoking, labored breathing that only gets worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections |
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| Lung Cancer |
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| ? of cancer deaths in US; over 90% of patients are smokers |
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| Tobacco (Nicotinianum tobacum) |
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| 4k different chemicals; nicotine very addictive and deadly poisonous; tar has ammonia, arsenic, cyanid, catechols, formaldehyde; basically carbon monoxide poisoning |
