DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 15 STUDY GUIDE!! – Flashcards

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The process by which we process the food we eat so that nutrients can be extracted and then absorbed for use by the millions of body cells for energy is a requirement for life is called
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Digestion
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An irregular tube, that opens at both ends is called
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GI Tract or Alimentary canal
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How long is the GI tract?
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9 meters (29ft long)
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What are the mechanisms used by the digestive system to make nutrients available to each cell of the body?
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1.Ingestion 2.Digestion 3.Motility 4.Secretion 5.Absorption 6.Elimination 7.Regulation
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What is the process called for which you will be taking food into the mouth, and starting it on its journey through the digestive tract called?
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Ingestion
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The breakdown, or digestion, of material is needs to be both
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mechanic and chemical
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What is used to physically breakdown large chucks of food before it is swallowed?
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The teeth
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Physically breaking large chucks into small bits is considered to be
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Mechanical digestion
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The movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube, including processes of mechanical digestion?
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Motility
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Large food molecules are reduced to smaller molecules in what type of digestion?
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Chemical
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The process that requires __________ of digestive enzymes and other products into the lumen of the GI Tract.
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Secretion
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The movement of digested nutrients through the GI mucosa and into the internal environment is called?
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Absorption
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Excretion of the residues of the digestive process (feces) from the rectum, through the anus; or defecation is called
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Elimination
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Activities such as motility and secretion is required to coordinate the various mechanisms of digestion which is called
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Regulation
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The release of digestive juices is part of what mechanism?
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Secretion
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What is required of the GI Wall in order to move and break down large chunks of food into smaller bits?
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Motility Or movement
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The main organs of the digestive system are
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1.Mouth 2.Pharynx 3.Esophagus 4.Stomach 5.Small Intestine 6.Large Intestine 7.Rectum 8.Anal Cavity
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What are the sections of the small intestine called in order of which food passes through them
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1.Duodenum 2.jejunum 3.lleum
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What are the 4 different parts of the colon?
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1.Ascending 2.Transverse 3.Descending 4. Sigmoid
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What are the accessory organs to the digestive system?
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Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, Pancreas, Vermiform Appendix.
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What are the 3 types of salivary glands?
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Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual
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What are the names of the 4 digestive tissues found on the wall of the digestive tube, starting from the inside coat to the outside tube?
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1. Mucosa (mucous membrane) 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis 4.Serosa
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The inside, or hollow space within the digestive tube is called
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Lumen
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Which type of the digestive tube is composed of tough and stratified abrasion-resistant epithelium only in the esophagus, but then remains a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion is called?
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Mucosa
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The connective tissue layer that lies just below the mucosa is called
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Submucosa
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The GI Wall tissue that contains many blood vessels and nerves is called
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Submucosa
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The two layered muscle tissue that plays an important role in producing motility or movement of the GI Tract during the digestive process is called?
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Muscularis
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What is a rhythmic, wavelike contraction of the gut wall caused by alternating contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscle laters in the muscular called?
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Peristalis
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What contraction squeezes and pushes ingested food material forward through the digestive tube's internal pathway?
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Peristalis
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Alternating contractions of the circular layer of the muscularis within a single region, or segment, of the GI tract also produces a "back and forth" type of intestinal motility called
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Segmentation
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As the peristalsis movement pushes food down the GI Tract, __________ contractions further assist in mixing food with digestive juices and helps continue the mechanical breakdown of larger food particles.
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Segmentation
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Food is churned and mixed as it slowly progresses along the GI Tract in close contact with the intestinal mucosa, which facilitates absorption of nutrients this is an example of which alternating sequence?
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Peristalis and segmentation
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What is the outermost covering or coat of the digestive tube?
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Serosa
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In the abdominal cavity, this series covering is called the
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Visceral Peritoneum
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The loops of the digestive tract are anchored to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity by a large fold of peritoneal tissue is called
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Mesentery
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A hollow chamber with a roof, a floor, and walls is called the
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Mouth
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The mouth is lined with what type of tissue membrane?
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mucous
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A bony structure in the anterior or front portion of the mouth formed by parts of the palatine and maxillary bones.
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Hard Palate
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What is located above the posterior or rear portion of the mouth. It is soft because it consist of chiefly muscle?
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Soft Palate
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Hanging down from the center of the soft palate is a cone-shaped structure is called?
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Uvula
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What prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities?
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Uvula and soft palate
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What does the floor of the mouth consist of?
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tongue and its muscles.
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What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
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Frenulum
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The tongue can be divided into what 3 sections
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root, pointed tip, and central body.
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What are the three main parts of the tooth?
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Crown, neck, and root
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What is the portion of the mouth that is exposed and visible, and covered by enamel?
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Crown
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What is the hardest tissue of the body
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Enamel
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The outer shell of the tooth is convered by two dental tissue called
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dentin and cementum
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The center of the tooth contains a
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pulp cavity, that consist of connective tissue, blood, lymphatic tissue, and sensory nerves.
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A narrow portion of the tooth that joins the crown of the tooth to the root
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neck
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inflamation of the gums is called
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gingivitiis
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What part of the tooth fits into the bony socket that surrounds it in either the upper or lower jaw bone?
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Root
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Periodontis is the result of inflammation and infection due to untreated
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gingivitis
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What are the 4 major types of teeth
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1.Incisors 2.Canines or cuspids 3.Premolars (bicuspids) 4.Molars (tricuspids)
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A set of 20 teeth is called
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Deciduous or baby teeth
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Deciduous or baby teeth erupt between how many months of age?
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6 to 30
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When are the Deciduous or baby teeth usually lost
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6 to 13 years old
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Deciduous teeth are shed and completely replaced with a full set of how many teeth
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32 permanent teeth
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How do salivary glands convey their exocrine secretions?
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ducts into the tract
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Thin, watery, and free of mucous salivary secretions are said to be
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Serous in nature
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The enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates is called
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Amylase
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Which type saliva serves the important function of lubricating food during mastication?
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Mucous type saliva
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What is the largest salivary gland?
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Parotid gland
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Which gland produces only serous type secretory cells, which produce a watery, or serous, type of saliva containing enzymes but not mucous?
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Parotid gland
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mixed or compound salivary glands because they contain both serous and mucus-producing secretory cells are called?
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Submandibular glands
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Smallest of the main salivary glands?
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Sublingual gland
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Which is the only salivary gland that only produces mucous saliva?
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Sublingual
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Tubelike structure made of muscle and lines with mucous membrane is called
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Pharynx
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The pharynx functions as part of what two systems?
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Respiratory and digestive
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What are the three anatomical components of the pharynx?
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1.Nasopharynx 2.oropharynx 3.laryngopharynx
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What division of the pharynx is directly involved in the digestive process of swallowing
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Oropharynx
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The process of swallowing is called
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Deglutition
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mastication is considered
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voluntary movement
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bolus of food is moved through the oropharynx by
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involuntary movement
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swallowing movements is dependent on nervous impulses orginating in the motor cortex of the cerebrum
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regulation of voluntary
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movements originating in the swallowing or "deglutition center" located in the medulla and pons of the brainstem
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regulation of involuntary
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Muscus lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach and is about 25 cm (10 inches) long
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Esophagus
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Which organ serves as a dynamic passageway for food, pushing the food towards the stomach?
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Esophagus
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What is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm?
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Stomach
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What serves as a pouch that food enters after it is chewed, swallowed, and passed through the esophagus?
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Stomach
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Sphincters are
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rings of tissue
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Contraction of the stomachs muscular walls mixes the food throughly with the gastric juice and breaks it down into a semisolid mixture called
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Chyme
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Gastric juice contains
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Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
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What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the stomach?
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1.Longitudinal muscle layer 2.Circular muscle layer 3.Oblique muscle layer
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Stomach muscle contractions result in
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Peristalis, propels food down the tract
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what type of membrane lines the stomach
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mucous
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What are the three divisions of the stomach?
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1.Fundus, 2.Plyous 3. body
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The lower narrow section of the stomach that joins the first part of the small intestine
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pylorus
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The small intestine is roughly how many meters long?
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7 meters (20 inches)
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Name the 3 sections of the small intestine in order by which food passes through them
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1.Duodenum 2.jejunum 3.ileum
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multiple circular folds of the small intestines intestinal lining is called
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plicae
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inside each ________ lies a rich network of blood capillaries that absorb products of carbohydrate and protein digestion (sugar and amino acids).
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villus
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What absorbs lipid or fat materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine
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Lacteal
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Most chemical digestion occurs in the
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duodenum
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Which organ secretes bile into the ducts
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liver
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What is the largest gland in the body also considered a exocrine gland
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liver
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Bile contains
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Cholesterol and bile salts
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What concentrates and stores bile from the liver
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gallbladder
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Which duct drains bile from the liver
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Hepatic
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by which duct does bile enter and leave the gallbladder
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Cystic
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A union from by the hepatic and cystic duct; drains bile from hepatic duct or cystic duct to the duodenum is called
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common bile
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The pancreas is considered what type of gland
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Exocrine
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Which cells secrete pancreatic juice (most important digestive juice) into pancreatic ducts; main duct empties into the duodenum
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Pancreatic
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Cells not connected to pancreatic ducts; secrete hormones glucagon and insulin into the blood are called
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Pancreatic islets
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How long in length is the large intestine?
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1.5 meters (5 ft)
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what is the Sphincter like opening structure located in the large intestine called
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ileocecal valve
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Bacteria in the large intestine is responsible for the synthesis of what vitamin
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k and production of some b complex vitamins
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What are the subdivisions of the large intestine, in order in which food or feces passes through them?
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1.cecum 2.Ascending colon 3.Transverse colon 4.Descending colon 5.sigmoid colon 6.rectum 7.anal canal
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The inner anal sphincter is composed of
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smooth or involuntary muscle
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The outer anal sphincter is composed of
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striated voluntary muscle
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A blind tubelike interior lumen that communicates with the lumen of the large interns 3 cm below the opening of the ileocecal valve into the cecum is called
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Appendix
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a large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in it, including most of the digestive organs is called
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Peritoneum
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Which layer of the peritoneum forms the outer, or covering, layer of each abdominal organ
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viseral layer
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Which layer of the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
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Parietal
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An extension between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum is shaped like a giant, pleated fan is called
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mesentery
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a pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum from the lower edge of the stomach, part of the duodenum, and transverse colon is called
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greater omentum
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A complex process that occurs in the alimentary canal, consist of physical and chemical changes that prepare food for absorption
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digestion
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enzymes in the saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice are all part of
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chemical digestion
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Fat-digesting enzyme that acts on lips (fats)
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Lipase
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enzymes that speed up reactions that add water (hydro) to chemically break up or split (lysis) larger molecules into smaller molecules is called
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hydrolysis
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What pancreatic enzyme started the process of breaking down polysaccharides such as starches into disaccharides (double sugars)?
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amylase
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What are the three intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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maltase, sucrase, and lactase
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Maltase digest
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maltose (malt sugar)
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sucrase digest
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sucrose (ordinary cane sugar)
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Lactase digest
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lactose
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Protein digestion starts in the
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Stomach
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an enzyme in the gastric juice, causes the giant protein molecules to break up into somewhat simpler compounds.
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Pepsin
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A compound of gastric juice, is converted into active pepsin enzyme by hydrochloric acid.
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Pepsinogen
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what other enzymes in the pancreatic juice and peptidases in the intestinal juice finish the job of protein digestion
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trypsin
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When enzymes have split up the large protein molecule into its separate amino acids, then
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protein digestion is completed.
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Most fats are undigested until after emulsification by bile in the
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duodenum
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Pacreatic lipase slips up the fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol (glycerin). The end products of fat digestion, then, are
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fatty acids and glycerol.
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after food is digested, the resulting nutrients are absorbed and move through the mucous membrane lining of the
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small intestine into the blood and lymph.
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the process by which molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluid of the body.
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Absorption
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Amylase in saliva and pancreatic juices have a resulting product is
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maltose
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