question

The process by which we process the food we eat so that nutrients can be extracted and then absorbed for use by the millions of body cells for energy is a requirement for life is called

answer

Digestion

question

An irregular tube, that opens at both ends is called

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GI Tract or Alimentary canal

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How long is the GI tract?

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9 meters (29ft long)

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What are the mechanisms used by the digestive system to make nutrients available to each cell of the body?

answer

1.Ingestion 2.Digestion 3.Motility 4.Secretion 5.Absorption 6.Elimination 7.Regulation

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What is the process called for which you will be taking food into the mouth, and starting it on its journey through the digestive tract called?

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Ingestion

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The breakdown, or digestion, of material is needs to be both

answer

mechanic and chemical

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What is used to physically breakdown large chucks of food before it is swallowed?

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The teeth

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Physically breaking large chucks into small bits is considered to be

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Mechanical digestion

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The movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube, including processes of mechanical digestion?

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Motility

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Large food molecules are reduced to smaller molecules in what type of digestion?

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Chemical

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The process that requires __________ of digestive enzymes and other products into the lumen of the GI Tract.

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Secretion

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The movement of digested nutrients through the GI mucosa and into the internal environment is called?

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Absorption

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Excretion of the residues of the digestive process (feces) from the rectum, through the anus; or defecation is called

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Elimination

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Activities such as motility and secretion is required to coordinate the various mechanisms of digestion which is called

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Regulation

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The release of digestive juices is part of what mechanism?

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Secretion

question

What is required of the GI Wall in order to move and break down large chunks of food into smaller bits?

answer

Motility Or movement

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The main organs of the digestive system are

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1.Mouth 2.Pharynx 3.Esophagus 4.Stomach 5.Small Intestine 6.Large Intestine 7.Rectum 8.Anal Cavity

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What are the sections of the small intestine called in order of which food passes through them

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1.Duodenum 2.jejunum 3.lleum

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What are the 4 different parts of the colon?

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1.Ascending 2.Transverse 3.Descending 4. Sigmoid

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What are the accessory organs to the digestive system?

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Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, Pancreas, Vermiform Appendix.

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What are the 3 types of salivary glands?

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Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual

question

What are the names of the 4 digestive tissues found on the wall of the digestive tube, starting from the inside coat to the outside tube?

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1. Mucosa (mucous membrane) 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis 4.Serosa

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The inside, or hollow space within the digestive tube is called

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Lumen

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Which type of the digestive tube is composed of tough and stratified abrasion-resistant epithelium only in the esophagus, but then remains a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion is called?

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Mucosa

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The connective tissue layer that lies just below the mucosa is called

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Submucosa

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The GI Wall tissue that contains many blood vessels and nerves is called

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Submucosa

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The two layered muscle tissue that plays an important role in producing motility or movement of the GI Tract during the digestive process is called?

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Muscularis

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What is a rhythmic, wavelike contraction of the gut wall caused by alternating contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscle laters in the muscular called?

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Peristalis

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What contraction squeezes and pushes ingested food material forward through the digestive tube's internal pathway?

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Peristalis

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Alternating contractions of the circular layer of the muscularis within a single region, or segment, of the GI tract also produces a "back and forth" type of intestinal motility called

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Segmentation

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As the peristalsis movement pushes food down the GI Tract, __________ contractions further assist in mixing food with digestive juices and helps continue the mechanical breakdown of larger food particles.

answer

Segmentation

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Food is churned and mixed as it slowly progresses along the GI Tract in close contact with the intestinal mucosa, which facilitates absorption of nutrients this is an example of which alternating sequence?

answer

Peristalis and segmentation

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What is the outermost covering or coat of the digestive tube?

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Serosa

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In the abdominal cavity, this series covering is called the

answer

Visceral Peritoneum

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The loops of the digestive tract are anchored to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity by a large fold of peritoneal tissue is called

answer

Mesentery

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A hollow chamber with a roof, a floor, and walls is called the

answer

Mouth

question

The mouth is lined with what type of tissue membrane?

answer

mucous

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A bony structure in the anterior or front portion of the mouth formed by parts of the palatine and maxillary bones.

answer

Hard Palate

question

What is located above the posterior or rear portion of the mouth. It is soft because it consist of chiefly muscle?

answer

Soft Palate

question

Hanging down from the center of the soft palate is a cone-shaped structure is called?

answer

Uvula

question

What prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities?

answer

Uvula and soft palate

question

What does the floor of the mouth consist of?

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tongue and its muscles.

question

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

answer

Frenulum

question

The tongue can be divided into what 3 sections

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root, pointed tip, and central body.

question

What are the three main parts of the tooth?

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Crown, neck, and root

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What is the portion of the mouth that is exposed and visible, and covered by enamel?

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Crown

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What is the hardest tissue of the body

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Enamel

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The outer shell of the tooth is convered by two dental tissue called

answer

dentin and cementum

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The center of the tooth contains a

answer

pulp cavity, that consist of connective tissue, blood, lymphatic tissue, and sensory nerves.

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A narrow portion of the tooth that joins the crown of the tooth to the root

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neck

question

inflamation of the gums is called

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gingivitiis

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What part of the tooth fits into the bony socket that surrounds it in either the upper or lower jaw bone?

answer

Root

question

Periodontis is the result of inflammation and infection due to untreated

answer

gingivitis

question

What are the 4 major types of teeth

answer

1.Incisors 2.Canines or cuspids 3.Premolars (bicuspids) 4.Molars (tricuspids)

question

A set of 20 teeth is called

answer

Deciduous or baby teeth

question

Deciduous or baby teeth erupt between how many months of age?

answer

6 to 30

question

When are the Deciduous or baby teeth usually lost

answer

6 to 13 years old

question

Deciduous teeth are shed and completely replaced with a full set of how many teeth

answer

32 permanent teeth

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How do salivary glands convey their exocrine secretions?

answer

ducts into the tract

question

Thin, watery, and free of mucous salivary secretions are said to be

answer

Serous in nature

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The enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates is called

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Amylase

question

Which type saliva serves the important function of lubricating food during mastication?

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Mucous type saliva

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What is the largest salivary gland?

answer

Parotid gland

question

Which gland produces only serous type secretory cells, which produce a watery, or serous, type of saliva containing enzymes but not mucous?

answer

Parotid gland

question

mixed or compound salivary glands because they contain both serous and mucus-producing secretory cells are called?

answer

Submandibular glands

question

Smallest of the main salivary glands?

answer

Sublingual gland

question

Which is the only salivary gland that only produces mucous saliva?

answer

Sublingual

question

Tubelike structure made of muscle and lines with mucous membrane is called

answer

Pharynx

question

The pharynx functions as part of what two systems?

answer

Respiratory and digestive

question

What are the three anatomical components of the pharynx?

answer

1.Nasopharynx 2.oropharynx 3.laryngopharynx

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What division of the pharynx is directly involved in the digestive process of swallowing

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Oropharynx

question

The process of swallowing is called

answer

Deglutition

question

mastication is considered

answer

voluntary movement

question

bolus of food is moved through the oropharynx by

answer

involuntary movement

question

swallowing movements is dependent on nervous impulses orginating in the motor cortex of the cerebrum

answer

regulation of voluntary

question

movements originating in the swallowing or "deglutition center" located in the medulla and pons of the brainstem

answer

regulation of involuntary

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Muscus lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach and is about 25 cm (10 inches) long

answer

Esophagus

question

Which organ serves as a dynamic passageway for food, pushing the food towards the stomach?

answer

Esophagus

question

What is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm?

answer

Stomach

question

What serves as a pouch that food enters after it is chewed, swallowed, and passed through the esophagus?

answer

Stomach

question

Sphincters are

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rings of tissue

question

Contraction of the stomachs muscular walls mixes the food throughly with the gastric juice and breaks it down into a semisolid mixture called

answer

Chyme

question

Gastric juice contains

answer

Hydrochloric acid and enzymes

question

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the stomach?

answer

1.Longitudinal muscle layer 2.Circular muscle layer 3.Oblique muscle layer

question

Stomach muscle contractions result in

answer

Peristalis, propels food down the tract

question

what type of membrane lines the stomach

answer

mucous

question

What are the three divisions of the stomach?

answer

1.Fundus, 2.Plyous 3. body

question

The lower narrow section of the stomach that joins the first part of the small intestine

answer

pylorus

question

The small intestine is roughly how many meters long?

answer

7 meters (20 inches)

question

Name the 3 sections of the small intestine in order by which food passes through them

answer

1.Duodenum 2.jejunum 3.ileum

question

multiple circular folds of the small intestines intestinal lining is called

answer

plicae

question

inside each ________ lies a rich network of blood capillaries that absorb products of carbohydrate and protein digestion (sugar and amino acids).

answer

villus

question

What absorbs lipid or fat materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine

answer

Lacteal

question

Most chemical digestion occurs in the

answer

duodenum

question

Which organ secretes bile into the ducts

answer

liver

question

What is the largest gland in the body also considered a exocrine gland

answer

liver

question

Bile contains

answer

Cholesterol and bile salts

question

What concentrates and stores bile from the liver

answer

gallbladder

question

Which duct drains bile from the liver

answer

Hepatic

question

by which duct does bile enter and leave the gallbladder

answer

Cystic

question

A union from by the hepatic and cystic duct; drains bile from hepatic duct or cystic duct to the duodenum is called

answer

common bile

question

The pancreas is considered what type of gland

answer

Exocrine

question

Which cells secrete pancreatic juice (most important digestive juice) into pancreatic ducts; main duct empties into the duodenum

answer

Pancreatic

question

Cells not connected to pancreatic ducts; secrete hormones glucagon and insulin into the blood are called

answer

Pancreatic islets

question

How long in length is the large intestine?

answer

1.5 meters (5 ft)

question

what is the Sphincter like opening structure located in the large intestine called

answer

ileocecal valve

question

Bacteria in the large intestine is responsible for the synthesis of what vitamin

answer

k and production of some b complex vitamins

question

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine, in order in which food or feces passes through them?

answer

1.cecum 2.Ascending colon 3.Transverse colon 4.Descending colon 5.sigmoid colon 6.rectum 7.anal canal

question

The inner anal sphincter is composed of

answer

smooth or involuntary muscle

question

The outer anal sphincter is composed of

answer

striated voluntary muscle

question

A blind tubelike interior lumen that communicates with the lumen of the large interns 3 cm below the opening of the ileocecal valve into the cecum is called

answer

Appendix

question

a large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in it, including most of the digestive organs is called

answer

Peritoneum

question

Which layer of the peritoneum forms the outer, or covering, layer of each abdominal organ

answer

viseral layer

question

Which layer of the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity

answer

Parietal

question

An extension between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum is shaped like a giant, pleated fan is called

answer

mesentery

question

a pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum from the lower edge of the stomach, part of the duodenum, and transverse colon is called

answer

greater omentum

question

A complex process that occurs in the alimentary canal, consist of physical and chemical changes that prepare food for absorption

answer

digestion

question

enzymes in the saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice are all part of

answer

chemical digestion

question

Fat-digesting enzyme that acts on lips (fats)

answer

Lipase

question

enzymes that speed up reactions that add water (hydro) to chemically break up or split (lysis) larger molecules into smaller molecules is called

answer

hydrolysis

question

What pancreatic enzyme started the process of breaking down polysaccharides such as starches into disaccharides (double sugars)?

answer

amylase

question

What are the three intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars)

answer

maltase, sucrase, and lactase

question

Maltase digest

answer

maltose (malt sugar)

question

sucrase digest

answer

sucrose (ordinary cane sugar)

question

Lactase digest

answer

lactose

question

Protein digestion starts in the

answer

Stomach

question

an enzyme in the gastric juice, causes the giant protein molecules to break up into somewhat simpler compounds.

answer

Pepsin

question

A compound of gastric juice, is converted into active pepsin enzyme by hydrochloric acid.

answer

Pepsinogen

question

what other enzymes in the pancreatic juice and peptidases in the intestinal juice finish the job of protein digestion

answer

trypsin

question

When enzymes have split up the large protein molecule into its separate amino acids, then

answer

protein digestion is completed.

question

Most fats are undigested until after emulsification by bile in the

answer

duodenum

question

Pacreatic lipase slips up the fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol (glycerin). The end products of fat digestion, then, are

answer

fatty acids and glycerol.

question

after food is digested, the resulting nutrients are absorbed and move through the mucous membrane lining of the

answer

small intestine into the blood and lymph.

question

the process by which molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluid of the body.

answer

Absorption

question

Amylase in saliva and pancreatic juices have a resulting product is

answer

maltose

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