Differentiate among classifications of surgery & types of anesthesia. – Flashcards
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Classifications of Surgery
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1.seriousness 2.urgency 3.Purpose -some procedures fall in more than one category -classification determines level of care pt requires
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Classifiaction: Seriousness
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Major or Minor, Simple or radical
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Major Surgeries
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Involves extensive reconstruction or alteration in body parts; poses great risks to well-being -i.e. Coronary artery bypass, colon resection, removal of larynx, resection of lung lobe
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Minor Surgeries
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Involves minimal alteration in body parts; often designed to correct deformities; involves minimal risks compared with major procedures -i.e. Cataract extraction, facial plastic surgery, tooth extraction
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Classification: Urgency
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Elective, urgent, emergency
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Elective surgeries
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Performed on basis of patient's choice; is not essential and is not always necessary for health -i.e. Facial plastic surgery, hernia repair, breast reconstruction
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Urgent surgeries
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Necessary for patient's health; often prevents additional problems from developing (tissue destruction or impaired organ function); not necessarily emergency -i.e. Excision of cancerous tumor, removal of gallbladder for stones
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Emergency surgeries
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Must be done immediately to save life or preserve function of body part -i.eRepair of perforated appendix or traumatic amputation
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Classification: Purpose
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Diagnostic, ablative, palliative, reconstructive/restorative, procurement for transplant, constructive, or cosmetic
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Diagnostic surgeries
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surgical exploration that allows health care providers to confirm diagnosis; often involves removal of tissue for further diagnostic testing -i.e.Breast mass biopsy
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ablative surgeries
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need to get rid of something; excision or removal of diseased body part
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palliative surgeries
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can't cure it, but can alleviate it.
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reconstructive/restorative surgeries
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Restores function or appearance to traumatized or malfunctioning tissues (Scar revision)
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procurement for tansplant
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Restores function or appearance to traumatized or malfunctioning tissues (Scar revision)
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constructive surgeries
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Having to rebuild jaw for example
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cosmetic surgeries
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can also be restorative care such as sewing on limbs, reconstruction of face due to accidents or failed suicide attempt
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laproscopic surgery
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least invasive, pumped with CO2 to make room for robotic arms, nurse must get pt to get up. Encourage pt to move to reabsorb CO2, don't use laproscopic surgeries on COPD pt.
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robotic surgery
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surgeon is at a consul and is not sterile
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Types of anesthias
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-general -regional -local -consious/moderate sedation
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general anesthia
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• Loss of all sensation and consciousness • Induction, maintenance, and emergence -results in an immobile, quiet patient who does not recall the surgical procedure. The patient's amnesia acts as a protective measure from the unpleasant events of the procedure.
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induction
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includes the administration of anesthetic agents and endotracheal intubation
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maintenance
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includes positioning of the patient, preparation of the skin for incision, and the surgical procedure itself. Appropriate levels of anesthesia are maintained during this phase
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emergence
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anesthetics are decreased, and the patient begins to awaken
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regional anesthia
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can be administered as spinal, epidural, or peripheral nerve block. No loss of consciousness occurs, but the pt is sedated. Risks can occur with spinal anesthesia in that the anesthesia can rise upward in the spinal cord, causing breathing difficulty. Elevation of the upper body prevents respiratory paralysis. • Loss of sensation in one area of the body
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local anesthia
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inhibits nerve conduction until the drug diffuses into the circulation. It is injected locally or is applied topically. • Loss of sensation at one site
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consious/moderate sedation
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• Used for procedures that do not require complete anesthesia • A patient under conscious sedation must independently maintain a patent airway and adequate ventilation and must be able to respond appropriately to verbal stimuli or light tactile stimulation. • If patient has liver disease, liver metabolizes slower so it may take longer for the patient to come to (emergence).
