question

cancer

answer

growth called a tumor can also be called a neoplasm

question

carcinogens may include

answer

viruses

question

carcinogens

answer

include some chemical substances

question

cancer clients

answer

may suffer from cachexia

question

Radiation and chemotherapy

answer

may create food aversions

question

It is thought that cancer may be caused by

answer

frequent ingestion of smoked meats over a long period

question

high-fat diets

answer

have been associated with breast and prostate cancer

question

Phytochemicals

answer

are abundantly supplied in fruits and vegetables

question

It is recommended to cancer clients to take

answer

a multivitamin with only 100% of the antioxidants

question

Cachexia

answer

is the result of continued anorexia and weight loss

question

neoplasm

answer

abnormal growth of new tissue

question

neoplasia

answer

abnormal development of cells

question

malignant

answer

life-threatening

question

metastasize

answer

spread of cancer cells from one organ to another

question

oncology

answer

the study of cancer

question

oncologist

answer

doctor specializing in the study of cancer

question

carcinogens are

answer

cancer-causing substances

question

genetic predisposition

answer

inherited tendency

question

Kaposi's sarcoma

answer

type of cancer common to individuals with AIDS

question

endometrium

answer

mucous membrane of the uterus

question

phytochemicals are

answer

substances occurring naturally in plant foods

question

anorexia

answer

a loss of appetite, especially as a result of a disease

question

hypoalbuminemia

answer

abnormal low amounts of protein in the blood

question

cachexia

answer

severe malnutrition and body wasting caused by chronic disease

question

chemotherapy

answer

treatment of diseased tissue with chemicals

question

resection

answer

reduction

question

xerostomia

answer

sore, dry mouth caused by a reduction of salivary secretions, may be caused by radiation for treatment of cancer

question

dysphagia

answer

difficulty in swallowing

question

the mortality rate for cancer clients is high but

answer

cancer does not always cause death

question

Environmental carcinogens include

answer

radiation (whether from x-rays, sun, or nuclear wastes), certain chemicals ingested in food or water, some chemicals that touch the skin regularly, and certain substances that are breathed in, such as tobacco smoke and asbestos

question

Carcinomas involve the epithelial cells(cells lining the body), these include:

answer

the outer layer of the skin, the membranes lining the digestive tract, the bladder, the womb, and any duct or tube that goes through organs in the body

question

Sarcoma is cancer of the

answer

soft tissues of the body such as muscle, as well as fat, nerves, tendons, blood and lymph vessels, and any other tissues that support, surround, and protect the organs in the body

question

Soft tissue sarcomas are uncommon and can also

answer

occur in bone rather than soft tissue and primarily in the legs

question

Lymphomas are cancer of the

answer

lymphoid tissue, including the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland

question

Leukemias develop from

answer

the white blood cells and also affect the bone marrow and spleen

question

Three types of skin cancer

answer

basal cell, squamous cell, and melanoma

question

Basal cell carcinoma is

answer

the most common form of skin cancer, affecting the outer skin layer and caused by exposure to sunlight. Those at high risk have fair skin, light hair, and blue, green, or gray eyes and spend considerable leisure time in the sun

question

Sqamous cell carcinoma affects

answer

the squamous cells that are in the upper layer of the skin. Most cases arise from chronic exposure to sunlight, but may also occur where skin has been injured--burns, scars, or long standing sores

question

Melanoma is

answer

the most serious and deadliest form of skin cancer and originates in the cells that produce the pigment melanin, which colors our skin, hair, and eyes

question

The majority of melanomas are what color?

answer

black, brown, but some melanomas occasionally stop producing pigment and are skin colored, pink, red, or purple. If caught early, melanoma is almost 100% curable, therefore a yearly exam by a dermatologist is recommended for early diagnosis of all skin cancers

question

Viruses linked to cancer are:

answer

Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B, Kaposi sarcoma, herpes virus, retrovirus, and human papilloma virus(HPV)

question

Epstein-Barr virus may cause

answer

nasopharyngeal cancer, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and gastric carcinoma

question

There is an anticancer vaccine available to prevent

answer

hepatitis B and it serious consequences--that is liver cancer

question

Kaposi's sarcoma is

answer

a cancerous tumor of the connective tissue and is often associated with the AIDS virus

question

A vaccine is now available to prevent cervical cancer caused by

answer

HPV, human papilloma virus

question

Certain substances in foods that are though to be carcinogenic are

answer

Nitrites in cured and smoked foods such as bacon & ham can be changed to nitrosamines (carcinogens) during cooking, regular ingestion of these foods is associated with cancer of the stomach and the esophagus

question

High-fat diets have been associated with cancers of the

answer

uterus, breast, prostate, and colon.

question

The regular, excessive intake of calories is associated with cancers of the

answer

gallbladder and endometrium

question

people who smoke and drink alcohol immoderately appear to be at greater risk of

answer

cancers of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus than those who do not

question

Diets high in fiber help to protect against

answer

colorectal cancer

question

Diets containing sufficient amounts of vitamin C rich foods may protect against

answer

cancers of the stomach and esophagus

question

Diets containing sufficient carotene and vitamin A-rich foods may protect against

answer

cancers of the lung, bladder, and larynx

question

Phytochemicals are thought to be

answer

anticarcinogenic agents, examples are flavonoids, phenols, and indoles, and fruits and vegetables appear to have an abundance of them

question

It is advisable to eat 9+ servings of fruit and vegetables each day, including

answer

2 1/2 cups of vegetables and 2 cups of fruit on a 2,000 calorie diet

question

Legumes such as

answer

soybeans, dried beans, and lentils contain vitamins, minerals, protein, and fiber may protect against cancer

question

Protein foods are essential for

answer

maintenance of a healthy immune system

question

An immune system that has been damaged possibly through malnutrition

answer

may be a contributing factor in the development of cancer

question

Excessive protein and fat intake, however, may be a factor in

answer

the development of cancer of the colon

question

The most important principle is

answer

moderation

question

Vitamins that are though to prevent cancer should be ingested in foods that

answer

naturally contain them. Excessive intake of supplements can be harmful

question

Abnormally large amounts of vitamin A can cause

answer

bone pain and fragility, hair loss, headaches, and liver and skin problems

question

One of the first indications of cancer may be

answer

unexplained weight loss because the tumor cells use for their own metabolism and development the nutrients the host has taken in

question

compounds of weight loss are

answer

weakness and anorexia, this weight loss includes the loss of muscle tissue and hypoalbuminemia, and anemia may develop

question

The effects of cancer may cause

answer

the sense of taste and smell to be affected. Some foods may taste different or everything may taste the same. Clients, after chemotherapy, may experience a metallic taste when eating protein foods

question

Cancer clients become satiated earlier than normal, possibly because of

answer

decreased digestive secretions. Insulin production may be abnormal, and hyperglycemia can delay the stomach's emptying and dull the appetite

question

Some cancer cause hypercalcemia, and if chronic can cause

answer

renal stones and impaired kidney function

question

The effects of cancer on the host are particularly determined by

answer

the location of a tumor

question

If cancer is untreated, the continued anorexia and weight loss will create a

answer

state of malnutrition, which in turn can lead to cachexia and ultimately, death

question

Medical treatment of cancer can include

answer

surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods

question

Cancer treatments have side effects that can

answer

further undermine nutritional status

question

Radiation reduces the amount of absorptive tissue in

answer

the small intestine which can cause bowel obstruction or diarrhea

question

Chemotherapy reduces the ability of the small intestine to regenerated absorptive cells, and it can cause

answer

hemorrhagic colitis

question

Both radiation and chemotherapy depress appetite and may cause

answer

nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, which can lead to fluid retention. When therapy is completed and a well-balanced diet is resumed, these problems may disappear

question

The nutrients and calorie needs of cancer client are

answer

greater than what they were before onset of the disease

question

Cancer causes an increase in the metabolic rate, and the tissue must be

answer

rebuilt, and the nutrients lost to cancer must be replaced

question

Clients who can maintain their weight or minimize it loss

answer

increase their chances of responding positively to treatment

question

High-protein high-calorie diet clients

answer

tolerate the side effects of therapy and higher does of drugs better than those who cannot eat normally

question

strong food aversions are thought to be caused by the effects of

answer

chemotherapy

question

receiving chemotherapy near mealtime may cause an association between

answer

food served and the nausea caused by the chemotherapy, which can often lead to food aversions

question

It is recommended that chemotherapy be withheld for

answer

2-3 hours before and after meals

question

comfort foods for cancer patients should be

answer

included liberally

question

Energy demands are high for cancer clients because of

answer

hypermetabolic state often caused by cancer. Calorie needs are individualized, but 30-35 calories per kilogram of body weight may be recommended

question

What is needed to provide energy and spare protein for tissue building and the immune system

answer

Carbohydrates and fat

question

Clients with good nutritional status will need

answer

1.0 - 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day

question

Malnourished clients may need

answer

1.3 - 2.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day

question

During chemotherapy or radiation, oncologists advise against taking

answer

higher doses of antioxidant supplements, it is best for cancer clients receiving treatment to avoid dietary supplements that give more than 100% of the Daily Value for antioxidants

question

Fluids are important to help the kidneys

answer

eliminate the metabolic wastes and the toxins from drugs

question

If the client suffers from dry mouth,

answer

salad dressings, gravies, sauces, and syrups appropriately served on foods can be helpful

question

If nausea or pain is a continuous problem

answer

drugs to control the problem, particularly at mealtimes, may be helpful

question

Although oral feedings are definitely preferred,

answer

enteral or total parenteral nutrition may become necessary if cachexia is extreme

question

Sometimes an oral diet with a nutritional supplement may be used in

answer

conjunction with total parenteral nutrition

question

when appetite is poor

answer

a high-calorie, high protein liquid supplement may be given, as the client improves, calorie and nutritional content of the diet should be gradually increased

Diet and Cancer – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards