Developmental Psych Test Answers – Flashcards

XY; XX The chromosomal make-up of a normal male is ______; the chromosomal make-up of a normal female is ______

age of viability refers to the point when the preterm newborn

can survive outside the uterus

Kyoto’s daughter is five days old. Kyoto is feeling sad and inadequate. She may be experiencing

postpartum depression

Each gamete has how many chromosomes

23

20,000

Approximately how many genes are contained in the human genome

teratogen

a substance or a condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities

gene is recessive

its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene

17+ hours

Approximately how many hours per day do newborns spend sleeping

at birth

At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute

triple

Brains ______ in size in the first two years of life

parents’ talking to him frequently.

By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed Alan’s rapid speech development mainly to his

use senses and motor skills to understand the world

During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to

large movements

Gross motor skills are defined by

the same motor skills in the same sequence

Healthy infants usually develop

object permanence

Hugh enjoys playing with your keys. When you take them away and place them in your pocket, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that Hugh does not understand

stage three

n which of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages do infants become aware of things and respond to people and objects

refuse to cross over the visual cliff

Salma is a 10-month-old who is being tested on the visual cliff. We would expect her to

breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches

Studies comparing breast-feeding with bottle-feeding show that

prefrontal cortex

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses and is the last part of the brain to mature is the

1 year

The average child can walk well independently at about

1 year

The average newborn triples his weight by

vision

The sense that is the least developed at birth is

reflexes, cooing, babbling, spoken words

The usual order of the development of spoken language is

holophrase

Using the word more to mean “I want another cookie” is a

rooting reflex

When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the

An infant’s toes fan upward when her foot is stroked

Which of the following demonstrates the Babinski reflex

nine months old

Baby Erica met her grandfather’s big dog for the first time. She immediately cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely at least

temperament is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy

Concerning temperament and personality, research has found that

insecure-avoidant attachment

Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruby’s behavior is characteristic of:

8 months

Attachment in infants is evident by what age

act anxious

A parent and a toddler meet someone the toddler does not know but who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will probably

responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver

Basically, the Strange Situation measures how a child

pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

The new emotions that appear toward the end of the second year are

self-awareness

If we place a dot of rouge on an 18-month-old’s nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her nose. This shows that the child has some

more playful

Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his 1-year-old son. Compared with his wife, Geoffrey’s interaction with their son is likely to be

attachment

“Proximity-seeking” and “contact-maintaining” behaviors are displays of

slow to warm up

Which of the following is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

learning whether the world can be trusted to meet basic needs

In Erikson’s theory, the infant’s earliest task is described as that of:

gain awareness of other people

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a person first

social smile

At 6 weeks, Jessica’s most recently developed emotional reaction is likely to be

They want to gain a sense of autonomy, or control, over their own bodies

According to Erikson’s theory, which of the following is true of most toddlers

B. over-regularization

“I catched two mices in a trap” is an example of

learns some words after a single exposure to them

Because of fast-mapping, a preschooler

4½; 3

Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about ______ pounds and grow about ______ inches per year

not mastered the concept of conservation

Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, John, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks John if there is now more Silly Putty, John replies, “Yes.” Piaget would say that John has

Vygotsky

Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be happy with Juan’s father

through a combination of brain maturation and practice

Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired

an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex

Impulsiveness and perseveration are the same in that they both represent

animism

Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, “Naughty table!” This is an example of which of the following

growth of the corpus callosum

Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This development may be attributed to

has demonstrated irreversible thinking

Romy understands that if she has 4 pieces of pizza and we give her 2 more, she will have 6. However, she does not know what happens if she has 6 and we take away 2. Piaget would say that Romy:

75

The 2-year-old human brain weighs ______ percent of the adult brain.

egocentrism

The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which the child thinks about the world only from his personal perspective is:

frightening nightmares

The increased activity of the amygdala is a reason that children during the play years experience

centration

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all others is called

4 years

What is the youngest age at which most children begin to develop theories of mind

social activities guided by others

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery, Vygotsky attributed it to

scaffolding

Miriam helps her son Ben make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud while simplifying it as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon

fine motor skill; gross motor skill

Writing your name is a ______, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) ______

authoritarian

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is

emotional regulation

An angry 5-year-old might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed

parallel play

Billy and Rodney are both building toys out of Legos, but they are sitting apart, each with their own set of blocks. What type of play is this

4

By age ______, children are convinced certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.

use the discipline technique of time-out most often to deal with a child’s misbehavior

Compared with other cultures, North American families of preschool children

initiative versus guilt

Erikson’s stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age is called

internalizing problems

Excessive guilt, shame, or sense of worthlessness constitutes which of the following

prosocial behavior

Beth feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick

authoritative

Janelle’s usual bedtime is 8:30 P.M., and her parents strictly enforce this rule. One evening, Janelle is watching an educational program on the Discovery Channel, which ends at 9 P.M. She asks her parents if she can stay up this one night to watch the end of the program. Her parents agree to let her stay up as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Which type of parenting style are Janelle’s parents demonstrating

mostly extrinsic

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays. Jaspreet’s motivation to play the piano

sociodramatic play

Sara, Molly, and Shy are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in

Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control

The child most likely to have permissive parents is

expectations for maturity

The four dimensions of parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and

relational aggression

Three girls start a rumor that 7-year-old Heather is a bed-wetter who still uses a pacifier. They are demonstrating

reactive

Which type of aggression tends to be characteristic of 2-year-olds

logic

According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood

virtually limitless

By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is

selective attention

Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to direct his focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. This ability is known as

concrete operational thought

In the school years, Piaget believed that children are in the period of

understand jokes and metaphors

Increased cognitive flexibility, linguistic ability, and social awareness make it possible for school-age children to

pragmatics of his language

John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers when called on in class. This is because John understands the

automatization

One of the major differences in brain development that distinguishes middle childhood is the development of

seriation

Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange 10 buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her understanding of which of the following concepts allows her to accomplish this

WISC

The IQ test specifically designed for school-age children is the

immersion approach

The approach to second-language learning in which children spend the entire school day instructed in the second language is referred to as the

She has made a language shift

Thuy, from Cambodia, has become fluent in English but has difficulty speaking her native language. Which of the following is true of Thuy

middle childhood, about age 7

To teach a child a second language through explicit instruction, the most effective approach is to start during

can apply their reasoning to real situations.

When capable of concrete operational thought, children

children grow more slowly than they did in early childhood

When you look at the rate of growth for children from ages 7 to 11, you see that

information processing

You are a professor who believes that our brains work very much like a computer in terms of learning, storing, and retrieving information. With which of the following theories would you most likely agree

flexibility

The average school-age girl is superior to the average school-age boy in

all of the above

During the school-years there is improvement in gross motor skills. This improvement reflects gains in

great; fine motor

During the school years we see ___ improvements in ___ skills such as drawing, painting, playing musical instruments

cross-sequential design

follows two or more groups of people who are of different ages over a period of time.

help out with the dishes himself

A father wants his son to help his mother wash the dishes every night. According to social learning theory, the father should

life-span perspective

A manner of studying human development that takes into account all phases of life is referred to as the

cross-sequential research

A manner of studying human development that takes into account all phases of life is referred to as the

an experiment

A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children’s behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This study was

observable behavior

Behaviorism focuses on which of the following

development of thought processes and their effect on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs

Cognitive theories emphasize the

longitudinal research

If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of

watch the children from an unobtrusive spot in the school lunchroom

If a scientist wanted to use scientific observation to see how frequently schoolchildren share food at lunch, she could

providing details of the study which will allow for replication

In order to prevent a researcher’s bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the research process

informed consent

In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as

the study of individuals behaving as they normally do

Scientific observation permits

psychoanalytic

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are best known for their contributions to ______ theory

longitudinal research

To study how members of a particular group change or remain the same as they grow older, the best method is

ecological-systems approach

To understand levels of human development, Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n)

Cohort differences—that is, differences in background variables

Which of the following is a common difficulty in cross-sectional research

personal interviews

Which of the following is an example of a survey method

It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships

Which of the following is the major drawback to observational research

cohort

you and your high school classmates are part of the same

microsystem

According the the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of David’s family on his development is part of his

epigenetic

What term refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual’s or species’ genetic inheritance

a particular behavior usually produces a particular consequence

In operant conditioning, an organism learns that

viewing of the violent film

A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children’s behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he observed their aggression levels. In this study, the independent variable was the