Developmental psyc – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
_______ refers to mental activity and behavior through which human beings acquire, remember, and learn to use knowledge.
answer
Cognition
question
The mental activity of cognition includes all of the following EXCEPT
answer
A. learning B. memory. C. attention. D. pragmatics. <<<<<
question
Early in his career, Piaget was interested in epistemology, which is the study of
answer
knowledge
question
As a young man working in the laboratory of Alfred Binet, Piaget became interested in how children
answer
understand what was being asked of them on intelligence tests
question
Early on in the development of his theory of cognitive development, Piaget made use of which method(s)?
answer
C. Interviews and observation
question
Piaget's theory and research on the study of cognitive development came to the United States in the 1960s and
answer
was an alternative to behaviorism
question
Which of the following statements is true according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
answer
Children play an active role in organizing and structuring knowledge
question
The goal of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is
answer
to discover how children think about the world and how changes in their thinking come about.
question
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive structures that form a basis for organizing behavior are
answer
schemata
question
Which of the following statements is true?
answer
Schemata change as children develop.
question
According to Piaget, what is the process by which simple mental structures are combined into more complex systems?
answer
Organization
question
During early infancy, schemata take the form of
answer
innate reflexes.
question
According to Piaget, basic reflexes such as grasping, kicking, and looking help infants to
answer
engage with and learn about the world
question
Operations are schemata-based on
answer
internal mental activities
question
The first operations are formed when
answer
physical activities become internalized as a part of an organized mental structure
question
The two processes of adaptation are
answer
assimilation and accommodation.
question
Accommodation occurs when one attempts to understand new information by
answer
changing existing schemata in order to fit the new experience
question
Jesse recently learned the word "cookie" to identify his recognition of vanilla wafers. However, he also says, "cookie" when given pretzels, crackers, small pieces of bread, and even large French fries. According to Piaget, Jesse is
answer
assimilating.
question
When the child adjusts his schemata to fit a new experience, the child is
answer
accommodating.
question
Casey likes to play with blocks and he has several different kinds: square wooden ones, large waffle-like ones, small plastic ones that easily interlock, as well as a variety of other types. At first Casey just referred to these objects as "blocks." Now, when his mom suggests he play with his blocks, he replies, "Which ones?" Piaget would interpret his response to indicate that Casey
answer
has accommodated his schema for blocks to differentiate among types of blocks.
question
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive development is based on changes in intellectual structures that result from
answer
innate predispositions to actively seek knowledge, organize knowledge, and adapt experiences in certain ways.
question
An underlying principle of Piaget's developmental stage theory is that
answer
all children pass through the same sequence of the stages, but the rate of passage through the stages varies
question
Piaget believed that children do not possess operations until
answer
they are able to represent the world in their mind and use symbols.
question
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of intellectual development?
answer
Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete; formal
question
One of the major achievements of Piaget's sensorimotor stage is the development of the concept of
answer
object permanence.
question
During the sensorimotor stage of development, the child shifts
answer
from being reflexive to using symbolic thought
question
Object permanence is the ability acquired when the child recognizes
answer
that an object still exists even though it is out of the child's sight
question
Ray, age 5 months, watches as his father places his stuffed teddy bear beneath his baby blanket during a game of peek-a-boo. His father notices, however, that Ray forgets about the bear if it is hidden for more than a few seconds. Ray has not yet developed
answer
object permanence.
question
Alice's 3-month-old baby, Joshua, finds sucking his fingers very pleasurable after accidentally placing his hand in his mouth one day before nap time. Joshua now prefers to suck on his fingers instead of his blue pacifier. Joshua is most likely in which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?
answer
Primary circular reactions
question
Which one of the following stages does NOT occur during the sensorimotor stage of development?
answer
Preconceptual period
question
Penny's new baby, Trevor, is 3 weeks old. Trevor finds natural satisfaction and contentment by sucking on the nipple of his bottle. Trevor is in what substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?
answer
Reflex activity
question
Beverly's baby, Grant, at the age of 6 months loves to shake his yellow rattle, which makes soft sounds interesting to Grant. This child is probably in what substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?
answer
Secondary circular reactions
question
During the substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage called coordination of secondary circular reactions, children can combine schemata to
answer
achieve a goal and solve a problem.
question
During the substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage called tertiary circular reactions, children first begin to
answer
act as "little scientists."
question
Little Malcolm, at 16 months, loves to place his toy cars and blocks on the coffee table and push them off, just to watch them fall to the floor. Malcolm's curiosity has led him to experiment with other objects, such as his mother's cookie jar, in his fascination with falling objects. Malcolm is probably in what substage of the sensorimotor stage of development
answer
Tertiary circular reactions
question
The stage "the invention of new means by mental combination" is characterized by the beginnings of
answer
symbolic thought
question
When a child is able to imitate a complex behavior exhibited by a model at a previous time, the child is capable of
answer
deferred imitation.
question
In order to evaluate infants' knowledge of object permanence, Baillargeon tested whether
answer
infants would look longer at an impossible event.
question
Which of the following is NOT a core knowledge system during infancy
answer
Understanding how to solve multi-step problems relating to physical objects
question
Research on event knowledge during infancy relies on which method?
answer
Violation-of-expectation method
question
Gelman and Williams (1998) propose that infants are born with learning mechanisms that are biologically prepared
answer
to rapidly learn some of the critical features of their environment.
question
Piaget may have underestimated children's ability to understand physical concepts because of his over-reliance on using
answer
motor activity to gauge children's cognitive abilities.
question
Piaget divides the preoperational phase into two substages: the __________ period (2 to 4 years) and the __________ period (4 to 7 years).
answer
preconceptual; intuitive
question
One of the most significant accomplishments of the preoperational child is the rapid acquisition of the
answer
symbolic function.
question
Bonnie, age 4, is a very bright and imitative child. The other day, Grandma took Bonnie for a car ride where Bonnie saw a train speeding down the tracks. Today, Bonnie has a set of blocks she is pushing while saying, "Choo-choo, toot-toot." Bonnie is probably in what stage of development, according to Piaget?
answer
Preoperational
question
Two characteristics of the preconceptual stage are
answer
animistic thinking and egocentricity.
question
In the preconceptual stage, children often attribute life and living characteristics to inanimate objects. This is known as
answer
animistic thinking.
question
Sonya, who is 3 years old, is playing with her many dolls and stuffed animals. Sonya believes the dolls talk to each other and can feel when she hugs them. Sonya is probably engaging in
answer
animistic thinking.
question
Jay believes that the world revolves around him and that the universe was created for him. Jay has a lot of difficulty seeing any point of view besides his own. This egocentricity is characteristic of what substage of the preoperational stage of development?
answer
Preconceptual substage
question
John and Jodie, both 4 years old, have the belief that the universe is organized and created for them and that everything is and should be centered around them. According to Piaget, this type of thought is called
answer
egocentrism
question
Piaget developed a three-mountain task to test children's ability to see things from the perspective of others. This task tested children for
answer
egocentrism
question
Recently, researchers have found that children as young as 3 years old can identify the correct perspective from different positions in the three-mountain task if they make the task more accessible and comprehensible to young children. Which of the following is not one of the changes to the tasks, which results in better comprehension of the task for young children?
answer
Telling children to close their eyes and imagine the three mountains before they answer the questions
question
Wayne is pretty good at certain things, such as solving problems and counting up to 20 objects; however, he is not very good at explaining why he solves problems in particular ways. Wayne is probably still in what substage of development?
answer
Intuitive substage of the preoperational period
question
Sophie has been shown two short, wide, transparent cylinders that contain equal amounts of water. The researcher now pours the liquid from one cylinder into a tall, thin cylinder. Sophie is asked which container has more liquid, and she replies that the tall container has the most, indicating a developmental error also known as an inability to
answer
B. conserve.
question
According to Piaget, preoperational reasoning is characterized by
answer
irreversibility
question
When a preoperational child, Delores, is asked if she has a sister, Delores replies, "Yes." Then, when asked further, "What's her name," Delores states, "Mary." Then Delores is asked if Mary has a sister, and Delores replies, "No." This conversational exchange reflects Delores' preoperational limitation in reasoning known as
answer
irreversibility
question
Which of the following is one of the reasons why children in the preoperational stage cannot conserve
answer
They focus on the end state rather than the transformation.
question
In Western societies, children usually acquire ________ conservation before ________ conservation.
answer
number; volume
question
Cross-cultural research on conservation suggests that
answer
the more experience individuals have with particular materials, the sooner they are able to understand conservation with those materials.
question
Children may master some form of conservation before others. Piaget called this
answer
horizontal decalage.
question
One of the most problematic aspects in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is why some children can solve some concrete operational problems, but not others. This concept is referred to as
answer
horizontal decalage.
question
Recent research in the area of conservation has consistently found that
answer
Piaget underestimated the capacities of young children
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operations?
answer
A decrease in reversibility
question
Erica is in the concrete operational stage of development. When asked to sort flowers, she will most likely be able to
answer
group flowers according to the type of flower and the color of the flower.
question
In which one of the following ways does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought?
answer
Formal operational thought is limited to considering alternatives directly observable in the physical world
question
Tabitha has become interested in thinking about hypothetical situations and wondering about different possibilities that could exist in the future. Which of Piaget's stages is she in?
answer
Formal operations
question
The stage of formal operations is different from Piaget's other stages in that
answer
not all adults in all societies reach the stage of formal operations.
question
Formal operations may occur late or be absent
answer
in cultures that do not emphasize symbolic skills
question
One of the central processes of social cognition is the differentiation of
answer
the self from other objects in the environment.
question
Cross-cultural research on the development of cognitive abilities suggests that cultures value and develop those skills that
answer
are useful in the daily activities required in their cultural settings
question
Research by Dasen (1984) on the acquisition of cognitive concepts and skills suggests that
answer
culture influences the rate of cognitive skill development.
question
Cross-cultural researchers have demonstrated that it is difficult to take measures of a specific task to indicate a child's stage or level of cognitive development because
answer
different cultures stress different concepts, which are tapped by different tasks.
question
Timothy is in preschool. When asked to describe himself, he will probably
answer
focus on activities he likes to do.
question
The shift away from an egocentric orientation is important for all of the following EXCEPT
answer
improved academic achievement.
question
The false-belief task is often used to investigate children's
answer
theory of mind.
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the important ideas that Piaget introduced to the field of cognitive psychology?
answer
Development is the product of social interaction between partners.
question
Which of the following is true of the impact of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?
answer
Piaget's ideas lead to a wealth of new research on cognitive development.
question
For Vygotsky, development is best understood
answer
as a product of social interaction.
question
Vygotsky's view on innate abilities attributed the child with
answer
innate abilities such as attention, perception, and memory.
question
According to Vygotsky, elementary mental functions
answer
are biological in basis and emerge spontaneously in children's interaction with the world.
question
According to Vygotsky, voluntary attention and abstract thinking are considered
answer
higher mental functions.
question
Which of the following statements regarding mediational systems is NOT true?
answer
Mediational systems include sensation and perception.
question
One of the reasons the zone of proximal development is important is because
answer
it represents both an alternative approach to intelligence assessment and a way of understanding how intellectual development occurs.
question
The zone of proximal development represents the difference between a child's developmental level determined by solving problems
answer
independently and a child's potential developmental level determined by solving problems with guidance.
question
The study conducted by Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) investigating adult-child dyads and peer partner planning of efficient routes through an imaginary town
answer
does support Vygotsky's view of the zone of proximal development.
question
Radziszewska and Rogoff (1988) found that in planning efficient routes through an imaginary town,
answer
adult-child dyads were more efficient planners.
question
The instructional process that is an outgrowth of the zone of proximal development is
answer
scaffolding.
question
An important component of scaffolding is
answer
breaking a task down into simpler components.
question
Mrs. Garcia has set up her classroom so that children work together in shared activities, often learning from each other. She believes it is her job to facilitate the process of peer learning and to coordinate the opportunities for peer interactions. Mrs. Garcia's classroom is an example of a(n)
answer
community of learners.
question
Rogoff's concept of guided participation emphasizes the
answer
ways in which children learn as they are guided by the values and practices of others in their cultural community.
question
A principle of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is that
answer
cultures provide settings and institutions that facilitate cognitive development.
question
Vygotsky believed that studying intellectual development outside of its cultural influences
answer
may underestimate the child's development.
question
In Carraher, Schliemann, and Carraher's study of children street vendors in Brazil, the children's accuracy was related to
answer
whether the transaction was commercial or academic.
question
The study of young street vendors in Brazil demonstrates
answer
the influence of cultural practices on the development of mathematics skills.
question
According to Vygotsky, children use egocentric speech
answer
as a way to guide thought and behavior.
question
Paulo is playing with his building blocks. He is muttering in a soft voice, "This block goes here, then this block goes there." Paulo is using
answer
egocentric speech.
question
The correct developmental sequence in children's use of speech based upon Vygotsky's theory is
answer
social speech, egocentric speech, inner speech.
question
Tatiana is doing her math homework. Although tempted to count aloud, she tries to solve the problem by thinking in her head. Tatiana is using
answer
inner speech.
question
Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) is an educational experiment based on Vygotsky's concept of
answer
the zone of proximal development.
question
Vygotsky's theory has influenced the study of child development by emphasizing
answer
the contribution of social contexts to children's learning.
question
A limitation to Vygotsky's theory is that it
answer
does not provide a specific description of age-related change.
