question

Accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, becoming financially independent

answer

Three criteria for an emerging adult

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Obesity

answer

Linked to lifestyle behaviors rather than knowledge

question

Young adults

answer

Accidents are the leading cause of death in this age group

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Social integration

answer

Active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities and roles

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Social support

answer

Material, informational, and psychological resources derived from the the social network, which a person can rely on for help in coping with stress

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Reflective thinking

answer

Logical thinking involving continuous, active evaluation of information and beliefs in the light of evidence and implications

question

Postformal thought

answer

Mature thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise

question

Emotional intelligence

answer

The ability to perceive, use, and understand, and regulate emotions

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MSCEIT

answer

Emotional intelligence test

question

emerging adulthood

answer

proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood commonly found in industrialized countries

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risky drinking

answer

consuming more than 14 drinks a week or 4 drinks on any single day for men, and more than 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks on any single day for women

question

alcoholism

answer

chronic disease involving dependence on use of alcohol, causing interference with normal functioning and fulfillment of obligations

question

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

answer

disorder producing symptoms of physical discomfort and emotional tension for up to 2 weeks before a menstrual period

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infertility

answer

inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sexual intercourse without the use of birth control

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substantive complexity

answer

degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgement

question

spillover hypothesis

answer

hypothesis that there is a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure that explains the positive relationship between activities in the quality of intellectual functioning

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recentering

answer

process that underlies the shift to an adult identity

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normative-stage models

answer

theoretical models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related changes

question

intimacy vs isolation

answer

erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development, in which young adults either form strong, long-lasting bonds with friends and romantic partners or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption

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life structure

answer

in levinson's theory, the underlying patterns of a person's life at a given time, built on whatever aspects of life the person finds most important

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development tasks

answer

in normative-stage theories, typical challenges that need to be mastered for successful adaptation to each stage of life

question

timing-of-events model

answer

theoretical model of personality development that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events

question

normative life events

answer

in the timing-of-events model, commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary times

question

social clock

answer

set of cultural norms or expectations for the times of life when certain important events, such as marriage, parenthood, entry into work, and retirement, should occur

question

trait models

answer

theoretical models of personality development that focus on mental, emotional temperament, and behavioral traits, or attributes

question

five-factor model

answer

theoretical model of personality, developed and tested by costa and mccrae, based on the "big five" factors underlying clusters of related personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness

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typological approach

answer

theoretical approach that identifies broad personality types, or styles

question

ego-resiliency

answer

dynamic capacity to modify one's level of ego-control in response to environmental and contextual influences

question

ego-control

answer

self-control and the self-regulation of impulses

question

fictive kin

answer

friends who are considered and behave like family members

question

triangular theory of love

answer

stern berg's theory that patterns of love hinge on the balance among three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment

question

presbyopia

answer

age-related, progressive loss of the eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity in the lens

question

myopia

answer

nearsightedness

question

presbycusis

answer

age-related, gradual loss of hearing, which accelerates after age 55, especially with regard to sounds at higher frequencies

question

basal metabolism

answer

use of energy to maintain vital functions

question

vital capacity

answer

amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled

question

menopause

answer

cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children

question

perimenopause

answer

period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes of menopause; includes first year after end of menstruation; also called climacteric

question

erectile dysfunction

answer

inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance

question

hypertension

answer

chronically high blood pressure

question

diabetes

answer

disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that converts sugar, starches, and other foods into energy needed for daily life

question

osteoporosis

answer

condition in which the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion

question

mammography

answer

diagnostic x-ray examination of the breasts

question

hormone therapy

answer

treatment with artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination with the hormone progesterone, to relieve or prevent symptoms caused by decline in estrogen levels after menopause

question

stress

answer

response to physical or psychological demands

question

stressors

answer

perceived environmental demands that may produce stress

question

fluid intelligence

answer

type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel problems and its relatively independent of educational and cultural influences

question

crystallized intelligence

answer

type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, involving the ability to remember and use learned information; it is largely dependent on education and culture

question

encapsulation

answer

in Hoyer's terminology, progressive dedication of information processing and fluid thinking to specific knowledge systems, making knowledge more readily accessible

question

literacy

answer

in an adult, ability to use printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge and potential

question

individuation

answer

jung's term for emergence of the true self through balancing or integration of conflicting parts of the personality

question

generativity vs stagnation

answer

erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing he next generation or else experiences stagnation (inactivity or lifelessness)

question

generativity

answer

erikson's term for concern of mature adults for establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation

question

interiority

answer

Neugarten's term for a concern with inner life (introversion or introspection), which usually appears in middle age

question

midlife crisis

answer

in some normative-crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one's past, typically occurring in the early middle forties

question

turning point

answer

psychological transitions that involve significant change or transformation in the perceived meaning, purpose, or direction of a person's life

question

midlife review

answer

introspective examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal and revision of values and priorities

question

ego-resiliency

answer

the ability to adapt flexibly an resourcefully to potential sources of stress

question

identity process theory

answer

whitbourne's theory of identity development based on processes of assimilation and accommodation

question

identity schemas

answer

accumulated perceptions of the self shaped by incoming information from intimate relationships, work-related situations, and community and other experiences

question

identity assimilation

answer

whitbourne's term for effort to fit new experience into an existing self-concept

question

identity accommodation

answer

whitbourne's term for adjusting the self-concept to fit new experience

question

identity balance

answer

whitbourne's term for a tendency to balance assimilation and accommodation

question

gender crossover

answer

gutmann's term for reversal of gender roles after the end of active parenting

question

social convoy theory

answer

theory, proposed by kahn and antonucci, that people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being, and social support

question

socioemotional selectivity theory

answer

theory, proposed by carstensen, that people select social contacts on the basis of the changing relative importance of social interaction as source of information, as an aid in developing and maintaining a self-concept, and as a source of emotional well-being

question

marital capital

answer

financial and emotional benefits built up during a long-standing marriage, which tend to hold a couple together

question

empty nest

answer

transitional phase of parenting following the last child's leaving the parents' home

question

revolving door syndrome

answer

tendency for young adults who have left home to return to their parents' household in times of financial, marital, or other trouble

question

filial maturity

answer

stage of life, proposed by Marcoen and others, in which middle-aged children, as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn to accept and meet their parents' need to depend on them

question

filial crisis

answer

in Marcoen's terminology, normative development of middle age, which adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship

question

sandwich generation

answer

middle-aged adults squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch children and to care for elderly parents

question

caregiver burnout

answer

condition of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion affecting adults who provide continuous care for sick or aged persons

question

kinship care

answer

care of children living without parents in the home of grandparents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody

question

ageism

answer

prejudice or discrimination against a person (most commonly an older person) based on age

question

primary aging

answer

gradual, inevitable process of bodily deterioration throughout the life span

question

secondary aging

answer

aging processes that result from disease and bodily abuse and disuse and are often preventable

question

activities of daily living

answer

essential activities that support survival, such as eating, dressing, bathing, and getting around the house

question

functional age

answer

measure of a person's ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age

question

gerontology

answer

study of the aged and the process of aging

question

geriatrics

answer

branch of medicine concerned with processes of aging and medical conditions associated with old age

question

life expectancy

answer

age to which a person in a particular cohort is statistically likely to live (given his or her current age and health status), on the basis of average longevity of a population

question

longevity

answer

length of an individual's life

question

life span

answer

the longest period that members of a species can live

question

senescence

answer

period of the life span marked by declines in physical functioning usually associated with aging; begins at different ages for different people

question

genetic-programming theories

answer

theories that explain biological agin as resulting from a genetically determined developmental timetable

question

variable-rate theories

answer

theories that explain biological aging as a result of process that vary from person to person and are influenced by both the internal and the external environment; sometimes called error theories

question

cataracts

answer

cloudy or opaque areas in the lens of the eye, which cause blurred vision

question

age-related macular degeneration

answer

condition in which the center of the retina gradually loses its ability to discern fine details; leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in older adults

question

glaucoma

answer

irreversible damage to the optic nerve caused by increased pressure in the eye

question

dementia

answer

deterioration in cognitive and behavioral functioning due to physiological causes

question

alzheimer's disease

answer

progressive, irreversible, degenerative brain disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration and loss of control of bodily functions, leading to death

question

parkinson's disease

answer

progressive, irreversible degenerative neurological disorder, characterized by tremor, stiffness, slowed movement, and unstable posture

question

sensory memory

answer

initial, breig, temporary storage of sensory information

question

working memory

answer

short-term storage of information being actively processed

question

episodic memory

answer

long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place

question

semantic memory

answer

long-term memory of general factual knowledge, social customs, and language

question

procedural memory

answer

long-term memory of motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things, which can be recalled without conscious effort; implicit memory

question

ego integrity vs despair

answer

erikson's eighth and final stage of psychosocial development, in which people in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived, and thus accept death, or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived

question

coping

answer

adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions

question

problem-focused coping

answer

in the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward eliminating, managing, or improving a stressful situation

question

emotion-focused coping

answer

coping strategy directed toward managing the emotional response to a stressful situation so as to lessen its physical or psychological impact

question

disengagement theory

answer

holds that successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal of the older person and society

question

activity theory

answer

holds that in order to age successfully a person must remain as active as possible

question

continuity theory

answer

holds that in order to age successfully people must maintain balance of continuity and change in both the internal and external structures of their lives

question

family-focused lifestyle

answer

pattern of retirement activity that revolves around family, home, and companions

question

balanced investment

answer

pattern of retirement activity allocated among family, work, and leisure

question

aging in place

answer

remaining in one's own home, with or without assistance, in later life

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