question

_______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur from conception through death.

answer

Lifespan

question

Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

answer

A particular age range

question

A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)

answer

Cohort

question

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______influences.

answer

Age-graded

question

In ___________, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

answer

Continuous change; gradual

question

In ____________, each stage is _______________.

answer

discontinuous change; distinct.

question

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called

answer

Critical period

question

In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

answer

Sensitive period

question

"Nature" refers to

answer

traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents.

question

Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as

answer

Nurture

question

Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the ______ theory.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

answer

unconscious

question

According to Freud, which part of everyone's personality operates according to the "pleasure principle?"

answer

Id

question

Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

answer

Ego

question

The ________ is Freud's representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong

answer

Superego

question

Freud believed that the ______ begins to develop around age five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

answer

Superego

question

Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation.

answer

Oral

question

Erikson proposed a ____________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

answer

Psychosocial

question

Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve.

answer

Crisis

question

Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?

answer

John Watson

question

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

answer

classical conditioning

question

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Behavior modification depends upon what principle?

answer

Operant conditioning

question

In the language of operant conditioning, behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

answer

Extinguished

question

Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles has come to a predominant position in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?

answer

Social-cognitive theory

question

Cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget speculated about how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions, patterns that he referred to as ________.

answer

schemes

question

What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

answer

Assimilations

question

What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

answer

accommodations

question

According to the humanistic perspective, people's ability to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called

answer

Free will

question

What term refers to the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than that of the individual?

answer

Collectivism

question

2-7. The blueprints for creating a person are stored and communicated in our

answer

Genes

question

2-8. Name the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function.

answer

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

question

2-14. The process of _______ accounts for the replication of most types of cells, so nearly all the cells of the body will contain the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote.

answer

Mitosis

question

2-18. Twins who are genetically identical are called ________ twins.

answer

Monozygotic

question

2-21. Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time are called ________ twins.

answer

Dizygotic

question

2-26. The 23rd pair of chromosomes in males contains the ___- shaped chromosome.

answer

XY

question

2-27. If the child has an XX pairing on the 23rd chromosome, the child will be

answer

Female

question

2-29. The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present is called

answer

Dominant

question

2-30. A trait within an organism that is present but not expressed is called

answer

Recessive

question

2-35. When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from his/her parents, he or she is said to be

answer

Heterozygous

question

2-40. What is the term for the inherited blood-clotting disorder that has been a problem throughout the royal families of Europe?

answer

Hemophilia

question

2-42. Sometimes genes, for no known reason, change their form in a process called spontaneous ________.

answer

Mutation

question

2-50. What is the process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed?

answer

Ultrasound sonography

question

2-71. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called

answer

Temperament

question

2-90. During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is now called a(n) ___________, and travels toward the uterus, where it becomes implanted in the uterus's wall.

answer

Blastocyst

question

2-91. A conduit between the mother and fetus, this organ provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord.

answer

Placenta

question

2-97. What is the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth?

answer

Fetal stage

question

High levels of the hormone __________ are produced in ________, which some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure and later variations in gender-related behavior(s).

answer

Androgen; males

question

2-111. What is the term for the process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a woman's reproductive tract by a physician?

answer

Artificial insemination

question

2-112. What is the term for the procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?

answer

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

question

2-152. When the critical hormone ___________ is released in high enough concentration by the mother's pituitary gland, the mother's uterus begins periodic contractions.

answer

oxytocin

question

2-163. An incision that is sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass is called

answer

Episiotomy

question

2-166. Which of the following is NOT measured using the Apgar scale?

answer

Pupil dilation

question

2-189. What type of medication(s) produces numbness from the waist down?

answer

Traditional epidural

question

2-216. All are characteristics of very-low-birthweight infants EXCEPT which of the following?

answer

webs are apparent between the infant's fingers and toes

question

2-217. What is the major reason why very-low-birthweight babies are in grave danger from the moment they are born?

answer

There is an immaturity of their organ systems

question

2-224. All of the following may cause preterm births EXCEPT

answer

A mother working during pregnancy

question

2-236. If a baby is being born feet first, this is called

answer

Breech position

question

2-238. When the baby lies crosswise in the uterus during delivery, this is called

answer

Transverse position

question

2-252. What is the term for a period of deep sadness and related symptoms following the birth of a child that affects approximately 10% of all new mothers for months or even years?

answer

Postpartum depression

question

2-258. Because a neonate's liver does not work effectively at first, almost half of all newborns develop a yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes called

answer

Neonatal jaundice

question

3-1. When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur?

answer

During the first year of life

question

3-3. What is the principle that states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

answer

cephalocaudal

question

3-4. Which principle states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.

answer

proximodistal

question

3-13. The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called

answer

neuron

question

3-14. The gap at the connection between neurons through which neurons chemically communicate with one another, is called

answer

synapse

question

3-16. Neurons have a distinct ability to communicate with other cells using a cluster of fibers called

answer

dendrites

question

3-21. The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation is called

answer

synaptic pruning

question

3-22. What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?

answer

myelin

question

3-26. What is the term for repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior?

answer

rhythms

question

3-28. What term refers to an infant's various levels of wakeful behaviors, such as alertness, fussing, and crying, and different levels of sleep?

answer

state

question

3-30. What is the term for the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming?

answer

rapid eye movement (REM)

question

3-31. As we age, the proportion of REM sleep _________ as the proportion of non-REM sleep________.

answer

decrease; increases

question

3-36. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?

answer

babies sleeping on their backs

question

3-41. What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

answer

reflexes

question

3-42. Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have ________ value.

answer

survival

question

3-43. What is the term for the reflex that makes a baby, who is lying face down in a body of water, paddle and kick?

answer

swimming

question

3-45. What is the term for the reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?

answer

rooting

question

3-46. What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 8-12 months, and occurs when an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot?

answer

Babinski

question

3-47. What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated by the infant's tendency to suck at things that touch its lips?

answer

sucking

question

3-48. What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear, and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear his or her throat?

answer

gag

question

3-58. Babies are typically able to crawl between _______ months of age.

answer

8 and 10 months

question

3-60. Babies are typically able to walk by supporting themselves at around ______ months of age.

answer

9 months

question

3-62. At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open its hand and grasp a rattle?

answer

3 months

question

A3-67. Babies are able to sit upright without additional support at about _______ months of age.

answer

6 months

question

3-74. Infants should consume about ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

answer

50

question

3-75. The condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients is called

answer

malnutrition

question

3-78. Due to malnutrition, a child's stomach, limbs, and face may swell with water so that the child actually appears chubby, but in fact the child is suffering from

answer

Kwashiorkor

question

3-85. At what age does the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians suggest that babies can start eating solid food?

answer

6 months

question

3-87. The term for the mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain is ______________.

answer

perception

question

3-92. Which of the following does an infant demonstrate a preference for through facial expressions?

answer

sweet

question

3-97. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through

answer

action

question

3-98. Piaget's theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of ____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are ______.

answer

4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

question

3-103. What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

answer

assimilation

question

3-104. Piaget thought that ________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon, perceived, and understood in accordance with existing patterns of thought.

answer

assimilation

question

3-105. Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said, "A bird." Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of

answer

assimilition

question

3-106. Piaget used the term _______ to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

answer

accommodation

question

3-108. Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to ________ that we have when we are born.

answer

reflexes

question

3-111. What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages?

answer

sensorimotor

question

3-126. When several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem, this is called

answer

goal- directed behavior

question

3-127. Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4 and enables the infant to realize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

answer

object permanence

question

3-136. Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a

answer

mental representation

question

3-141. All of the following are considered basic aspects of information processing EXCEPT

answer

behavior

question

3-151. What is term for the lack of memory for experiences that occurred in infancy?

answer

infantile amnesia

question

3-153. What kind of memory is conscious and can be recalled intentionally?

answer

explicit

question

3-154. Memories in our unconscious that affect performance and behavior are known as ________ memories.

answer

implicit

question

3-163 What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?

answer

phonemes

question

3-164. What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?

answer

morpheme

question

3-165. What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?

answer

semantics

question

3-168. A child's first words usually comes in the form of ___________, which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.

answer

holophrases

question

3-169. Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat. "This would be an example of a

answer

holophrases

question

3-170. By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.

answer

telegraphic

question

3-184. The concept that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________

answer

Chomsky; universal grammar

question

3-214. What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

answer

attachment

question

3-220. Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

answer

ambivalent attachment pattern

question

3-222. Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her.

answer

disorganized-disoriented

question

3-232. Erikson's approach to personality development suggests that an infant's early experiences (nurturing, feeding, cuddling, etc.) are responsible for shaping whether or not they become ____________ individuals later in life.

answer

trusting

question

3-238. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called

answer

temperament

question

4-3. All of the following may be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall he/she is EXCEPT

answer

the quality of preschool; children who attend quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches.

question

4-8. Foods which are high in __________ are particularly important for preschool children so that they can avoid developing fatigue-causing anemia.

answer

iron content

question

4-9. The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of the years from age 3 to 5.

answer

7-10

question

4-10. Before they are 10 years old, children are _______ as likely to die from a(n) ________ than from a(n) ________

answer

twice; injury; illness

question

4-17. What does the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services consider to be the most hazardous health threat to children under the age of 6?

answer

lead poisoning

question

4-19. Which of the following is NOT considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children?

answer

low weight and inadequate growth/height

question

4-21. By the end of the preschool period, the brain structure called the ________ has grown significantly because it becomes considerably thicker with individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres.

answer

corpus callosum

question

4-22. What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells?

answer

myelin

question

4.23. What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other?

answer

lateralization

question

4-27. Considering the hemispheric differences in lateralization related to gender and culture, boys show a greater lateralization of language in the ____________ hemisphere; while girls develop language in _______

answer

left; both hemispheres

question

4-44. Piaget believed that the _______ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development called the ___________ stage.

answer

preschool years; preoperational

question

4-49. According to Piaget, _________ is at the heart of __________, which is a major advance for preschool children.

answer

symbolic function; language

question

4-50. What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects?

answer

centration

question

4-54. _____________is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

answer

conservation

question

4-58. Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called

answer

egocentric thought

question

4-62. What is the term for thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?

answer

intuitive thought

question

4-64. By the end of the preoperational stage, children are able to understand the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns. This is called

answer

functionality

question

4-73. According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?

answer

zone of proximal development

question

4-74. According to Vygotsky, if one child receives assistance he/she may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help. The assistance or structuring provided by others is termed

answer

scaffolding

question

4-77. What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

answer

syntax

question

4-80. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

answer

fast mapping

question

4-85. When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of

answer

pragmatics

question

4-86. What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?

answer

social speech

question

4-87. Before the age of 3, most children are unable to demonstrate __________ speech.

answer

social

question

4-98. According to Erikson, what is the term for development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior(s)?

answer

psychosocial development

question

4-104. What is the term for a person's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual?

answer

self- concept

question

4-117. What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female?

answer

gender identity

question

4-124. What is the term for a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes?

answer

androgynous

question

4-128. What is the term for play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds?

answer

functional

question

4-131. What is the term for play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something?

answer

constructive

question

4-134. What type of play involves action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other?

answer

parallel

question

4-138. What is the term for play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing?

answer

associative

question

4-140. What is the term for play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests?

answer

cooperative

question

4-145. Children with autism find it particularly difficult to relate to others, in part, because they find it difficult to

answer

understand what others are thinking

question

4-146. What is the term for parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, and whose word is law?

answer

authoritarian

question

4-148. What is the term for parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children?

answer

permissive

question

4-150. What is the term for parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, and try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way but at the same time providing love and support?

answer

authoritative

question

4-152. What type of parents show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent, rejecting behavior(s)?

answer

uninvolved

question

4-164. What is the term for the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children?

answer

cycle of violence hypothesis

question

4-168. What two parts of the limbic system in the brain can be permanently altered as a result of childhood abuse?

answer

hippocampus and amygdala

question

4-170. What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change?

answer

resilience

question

5-10. Which of the following is a fine motor skill?

answer

typing on a keyboard

question

5-27. Severe and early loss of hearing is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

answer

reduced intelligence

question

5-30. What is the term for a substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech and is the most common speech impairment?

answer

stuttering

question

5-35. What is the term for a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity?

answer

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

question

5-44. What is the term for the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation?

answer

decentering

question

5-47. In the information processing approach, what is the term for the ability to record, store, and retrieve information?

answer

memory

question

5-49. When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory, this is called

answer

encoding

question

5-52. What is the term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood?

answer

metamemory

question

5-80. What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?

answer

intelligence

question

5-82. Who is the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success in constructing an intelligence test that continues to provide reasonable indicators of a student's ability to be successful in school?

answer

Binet

question

5-89. Intelligence tests most frequently used in schools are based on a common idea that intelligence is a single factor or unitary mental ability called

answer

g factor

question

5-96. What is the term for the educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs?

answer

least restrictive environment

question

5-97. Which of the following is the term for an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives?

answer

mainstreaming

question

5-99. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as

answer

mild mental retardation

question

5-100. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55, this is known as

answer

moderate mental retardation

question

5-101. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40, this is known as

answer

severe mental retardation

question

5-102. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, this is known as

answer

profound mental retardation

question

5-105. According to Erikson, from roughly ages 6 to 12 children go through the period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. This stage is called

answer

industry-versus-inferiority

question

5-110. ______________ is an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented); whereas ______________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self.

answer

Self-esteem; self-concept

question

5-118. The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status comes from

answer

social identity theory

question

5-137. Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of friendship during middle childhood?

answer

mutual trust

question

5-142. Status is

answer

the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group.

question

5-144. What is the term for the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings?

answer

social competence

question

5-149. According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), _________ school children stay home from school each day because they are afraid of being bullied.

answer

160,000

question

5-154. Which of the following terms means rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group?

answer

dominance hierarchy

question

5-156. Middle-school-age girls tend to ________; while middle-school-age boys tend to_______

answer

play in pairs; develop a dominance hierarchy

question

5-160. ____________ is the process by which parents and children jointly control children's behavior.

answer

coregulation

question

5-168. Following a divorce, a child may exhibit all of the following EXCEPT

answer

ADHD

question

5-179. The latest research regarding children raised in lesbian and gay households suggests

answer

children develop similarly to children of heterosexual families and are equally well-adjusted.

question

5-182. What are the major effects of poverty, chronic stress, and susceptibility to disease in children?

answer

Significant hardships, poor academic performance, and cardiovascular disease

question

6-4. Which of the following terms describes the period during which the sexual organs mature?

answer

puberty

question

6-5. Which gland in the body signals the brain and other glands in children's bodies to begin producing sex hormones at adult levels?

answer

The pituitary gland

question

6-6. Male sex hormones are called __________, while female sex hormones are called ________.

answer

androgens; estrogens

question

6-15. The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs are called

answer

secondary sex characteristics

question

6-18. The surge in hormone production that triggers the beginning of adolescence may lead to rapid mood swings. Boys may have feelings of ________, while girls may feel ______

answer

anger and annoyance; anger and depression

question

6-22. During the teenage years, the average girl requires ________ calories a day, and the average boy requires ________.

answer

2,200; 2,800.

question

6-23. By drinking milk during their teenage years, girls can consume enough required _______ to avoid ________ later in their lives.

answer

calcium; osteoporosis

question

6-29. Which of the following is the term for a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and very thin appearance are out of the ordinary?

answer

anorexia nervosa

question

6-31. Which of the following terms relates to an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives?

answer

bulimia

question

6-35. The part of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments in a uniquely human way is called the

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

6-36. Which of the following is the most likely reason for adolescent impulsivity and risky behavior(s)?

answer

the immaturity of the adolescent prefrontal cortex

question

6-41. Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them, are known as ________ drugs.

answer

addictive

question

6-53. Sexually transmitted infection(s) (STIs) include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

yeast infections

question

6-55. According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is called the

answer

formal operational stage

question

6-62. Which of the following terms relates to the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes, and their ability to monitor their cognition?

answer

metacognition

question

6-65. The state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself is referred to as

answer

adolescent egocentrism

question

6-70. The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else is called

answer

personal fable

question

6-80. What is a basic requirement of the No Child Left Behind Act passed by Congress in 2002?

answer

Every U.S. state must design and administer achievement tests that students must pass in order to graduate from high school.

question

6-92. According to Erikson, the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves is called

answer

the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage.

question

6-94. According to Erikson, an adolescent's reliance on peers to help them define their identities and learn to form relationships is the link between the

answer

identity-versus-identity-confusion and intimacy-versus-isolation stages.

question

6-113. Which of the following models suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?

answer

pluralistic society model

question

6-118. All of the following are likely causes of major depression in adolescent females EXCEPT

answer

hormonal imbalance in females

question

6-119. The rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has _____ in the last 30 years.

answer

tripled

question

6-121. Even though some adolescent suicide is underreported, suicide is the _____ most common cause of adolescent death in the 15- to 24-year-old group.

answer

third

question

6-122. Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls?

answer

Boys tend to use more violent means, like guns, to attempt suicide.

question

6-130. The desire to have independence and a sense of control over one's life is called

answer

autonomy

question

6-169. If a person is attracted to another person of the same sex, this is

answer

homosexuality

question

6-171. When a person pursues sexual reassignment surgery because they feel as though they were born with the wrong physical sex (i.e., trapped in the wrong body), this is called being

answer

transgendered

question

6-172. Studies indicate that sexual orientation is

answer

produced by a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors.

question

6-173. In the last 10 years, the number of teenagers giving birth has ________ by nearly ____

answer

dropped; 33%.

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