Denise Lim Bio 4 Lecture Exam 3 – Flashcards
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| Taxonomy |
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| systemic classification of organisms |
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| Phylogeny |
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| study of evolutionary relationships -new discoveries in phylogeny influence taxonomy (classification) |
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| 3 domains |
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| Bacteria Archea Eukarya |
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| Bacteria |
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| prokaryotes - common bacteria |
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| Archaea |
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| prokaryotes - extreme environments specifically: halophiles; methanogens; thermoacidophiles |
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| Eukarya |
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| -protista (protozoa and algae) -fungi -animalia -plantae |
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| Taxonomic categories |
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| Domain Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| Firmicutes - gram +, low G+C DNA bacteria without a cell wall - resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall disease: primary atypical pnuemonia |
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| Phylum: Proteobacteria |
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| Rickettsia Wolbachia Rhizobium Agrobacterium Neisseria Bordetella Psuedomonas Escherichia Salmonella Shigella Yersinia Haemophilus Vibrio Campylobacter Helicobacter |
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| Phylum: Firmicutes |
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| Clostridium Bacillus Staphylococcus Streptococcus (Enterococcus) Mycoplasma |
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| Phylum: Actinobacteria |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| Phylum: Chlamydiae |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Phylum: Spirochetes |
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| Treponema Borrelia |
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| Rickettsia |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative transmitted to humans via insect vectors obligate intracellular parasite - can only be cultured on live tissue enters cell through phagocytosis diagnostic testing is expensive and time-consuming disease: tick-borne typhus, rocky mt spotted fever |
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| Wolbachia |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative infects insects and transmitted parent to offspring mosquitos infected w Wolbachia prevent spread of dengue fever |
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| Rhizobium |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative infects plants (legumes) fixes nitrogen in nodules beneficial for agriculture |
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| Agrobacterium |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative parasite on 2000 plants including grapes disease: crown gall tumors carried on TI plasmid (tumor inducing) |
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| Neisseria |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative disease: meningitis, gonorrhea |
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| Bordatella |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative vaccination is important because it is most fatal in kids under 1 disease: whooping cough/pertussis |
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| Psuedomonas |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative oxidase positive, psychrotroph, food spoilage opportunistic pathogen - not normally in humans, but WILL cause infection nosocomial (hospital-borne infection) disease: infection with blue/green puss - especially of burns |
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| Escherichia |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative oxidase negative - enteric oral-fecal route disease: traveler's diarrhea and UTIs hemolytic Shiga toxin in most pathogenic strain can lead to internal bleeding in intestine or kidney |
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| Salmonella |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative oxidase negative - enteric oral-fecal route all species are pathogenic disease: typhoid fever, salmonellosis (food-borne infection) |
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| Shigella |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram Negative oxidase negative - enteric small infectious dose (ID50) disease: dysentary |
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| Yersinia |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram negative oxidase negative - enteric disease: bubonic plague |
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| Haemophilus |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram negative HIB vaccine disease: meningitis in children, ear infection, acute/severe/fatal respiratory tract infections |
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| Vibrio |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram negative mostly nonpathogenic disease: cholera - severe diarrhea (lose 12-20 liters of fluid per day - die of dehydration) |
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| Campylobacter |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram negative microaerophiles found on poultry disease: food-borne illness |
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| Helicobacter |
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| Proteobacteria - Gram negative can be treated w antibiotics disease: ulcers, stomach cancer |
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| Clostridium |
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| Firmicutes - Gram Positive - low G+C in DNA spore-forming obligate anaerobes diseases: tentanus, gangrene, botulism |
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| Bacillus |
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| Firmicutes - Gram Positive - low G+C in DNA spore forming - not all pathogenic diseases: anthrax, |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| Firmicutes - Gram Positive - low G+C in DNA grape-like clusters of spherical cells catalase positive, facultative halophiles other than S aureus - mostly non-pathogenic |
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| Staph aureus |
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| skin infections are common folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock |
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| Streptococcus |
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| Firmicutes - gram positive catalase negative some halotolerant - some not Lancefield classification based on cell wall structure(Groups A-O) Hemolytic classification - alpha, beta, gamma |
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| Strep pyogenes |
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| Group A, beta-hemolytic meningitis, pnuemonia, pharyngitis, otitis media, endocarditis (rheumatic fever), puerperal fever, scarlet fever, skin (erysipelas, necrotizing fascitis) |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| Actinobacteria - Gram positive; HIGH G+C DNA acid fast - peptidoglycan with waxes and lipids in cell wall diseases: tuberculosis, leprosy |
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| Chlamydiae |
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| intracellular parasites direct contact or airborne transmission disease: STD, infectious blindness, parrot fever |
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| Spirochetes |
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| gram negative helical in shape |
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| Treponema |
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| Spirochete - gram negative disease: syphillis |
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| Borrelia |
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| Spirochete - gram negative disease: lyme's disease |
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| virion/mature or infectious viral particle |
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| fully developed viral particle |
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| virus |
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| virion/mature or infectious viral particle |
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| viroid |
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| infectious RNA |
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| viruses are obligate intracellular parasites because |
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| they require a host cell to reproduce, metabolize, etc |
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| host range for a virus |
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| the range of organisms that a given virus can infect |
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| basic structure of a virus |
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| nucleic acid capsid envelope |
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| nucleic acid |
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| RNA/DNA viral genetic code; double or single stranded |
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| capsid |
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| protein coat around the DNA of virus - made up of capsomeres |
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| envelope |
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| lipoprotein; cell membrane envelope with or without spikes |
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| naked virus |
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| has no envelope |
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| spikes |
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| allows virus to be recognized depending on proteins; helps with adherance |
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| icosohedral |
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| 20 sided (animal viruses) |
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| helical |
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| capsomeres are in a spiral forming a tube |
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| complex virus shape |
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| multiple parts: capsid, sheath, tail fibers, pins |
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| 5 steps of viral life cycle |
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| attachment penetration and uncoating replication and biosynthesis maturation release |
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| Viral life cycle: attachment |
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| requires complementary receptors on virus and host cell |
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| Viral life cycle: penetration and uncoating |
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| endocytosis or fusion |
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| Viral life cycle: biosynthesis or replication (DNA) |
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| DNA synthesized in nucleus - proteins in cytoplasm |
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| Viral life cycle: biosynthesis or replication (retrovirus) |
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| RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA in cytoplasm and then inserted into bacterial DNA as a provirus extra copies can be made and bud off of bacterial cell (lysogeny) |
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| Viral life cycle: maturation |
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| nucleic acids and proteins come together into mature virions in nucleus or in cytoplasm enveloped viruses acquire envelope from host cell membrane |
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| Viral life cycle: release |
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| naked viruses lyse host - host cell dies enveloped viruses bud through membrane - does not immediately kill host cell |
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| lysis |
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| virus reproduces and then explodes cell to escape |
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| lysogeny |
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| virus reproduces and also incorporates itself into host cell DNA - it will be reproduced when host divides |
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| transduction |
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| bacteriophage transfers DNA from one host to another when one infects new host - one method of genetic recombination |
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| DNA replication VS retroviruses |
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| DNA synthesizes in the nucleus VS retro: packaged RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA in the cytoplasm and then transported into the nucleus and inserted into DNA as a provirus |
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| provirus |
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| viral DNA that is integrated into hosts' chromosomes replicates when host cell replicates |
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| retroviruses |
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| enveloped, have spikes |
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| gag-pol-env |
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| one polypeptide released from nucleus that gets cleaved group-specific antigen - capsid protein viral enzymes: protease, reverse transcriptase, RNase, Integrase envelope protein |
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| retroviral drug therapy |
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| prevents gag-pol-env from being cleaved prevents reverse transcription |
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| host range for a virus |
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| organism infected by pathogen |
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| pathogen |
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| organism causing disease |
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| disease |
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| change from healthy state |
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| infection |
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| invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic organism (can be asymptomatic) |
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| pathogenicity |
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| ability for organism to cause disease |
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| virulence |
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| degree of pathogenicity |
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| pathogenesis |
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| course/development of disease |
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| etiology |
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| study of the cause of disease |
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| epidemiology |
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| study of the spread of disease (transmission) including where and when |
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| acute/lytic infection |
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| active, symptoms right away and then recover rapid replication, lytic lifecycle |
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| latent |
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| dormant infection to spike later evades immune system by hiding out inside cells |
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| provirus |
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| host DNA and viral DNA combine |
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| persistent infection |
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| gradual, progressive disease over long period of time ending in acute infection |
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| normal flora |
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| AKA microbiota established on host and cause no illness exist in skin, nose, lower GI Staph aureus, E. coli, enterobacter, candida |
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| microbial antagonism |
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| normal flora overpower and prevent growth of bad microbes |
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| symbiosis |
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| living together; all beneficial to microbe types: commensualism, mutualism, parasitism |
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| commensualism |
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| neutral for host; beneficial for microbe |
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| mutualism |
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| both host and microbe benefit |
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| parasitism |
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| host impacted negatively; microbe benefits |
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| opportunistic infections |
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| microbe is not normally pathogenic, but can become pathogenic if there is a weakened host or portal of entry |
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| Koch's 4 postulates |
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| same pathogen always present pathogen isolated from diseased host and cultured cultured pathogen infects and diseases healthy host pathogen is recultured from infected host Proves that it is in fact THAT pathogen that causes those symptoms |
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| exceptions to Koch's postulates |
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| bacteria that need special media for culturing viruses |
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| communicable |
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| spread from one host to another |
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| contagious |
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| EASILY spread from one host to another |
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| non-communicable |
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| NOT spread from one host to another |
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| disease symptoms |
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| subjective experience of disease |
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| herd immunity |
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| important to immunize some people have compromised immune systems and cannot be immunized, so they rely on those who CAN be immunized to be immune/not carriers so that they aren't exposed |
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| sporadic disease |
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| occasionally occurs, few people affected can cause outbreaks |
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| endemic disease |
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| continually present in a particular geographic area |
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| epidemic |
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| higher than normal incidence (outbreak) poses public health problem |
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| pandemic |
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| worldwide epidemic |
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| disease reservoir |
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| where microbes are harbored |
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| acute disease |
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| develops quickly and lasts short time |
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| chronic disease |
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| develops slowly but persistent or recurrent |
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| latent disease |
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| pathogen inactive - asymptomatic periodic outbreaks |
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| inapparent disease |
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| have active infection but no outward symptoms |
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| local infection |
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| confined to a small area |
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| systemic infection |
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| enters blood or lymph sepsis |
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| sepsis |
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| whole body inflamation caused by infection |
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| septicemia |
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| microbes in the blood |
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| bacteremia |
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| systemic/blood bacterial infection |
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| toxemia |
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| toxins in blood |
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| viremia |
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| virus in blood |
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| primary infection |
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| initial infection |
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| secondary infection |
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| opportunistic infection that sets in because primary infection has lowered immune system |
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| incubation period |
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| pre-symptomatic |
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| prodromal period |
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| mild signs or symptoms |
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| illness period |
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| acute symptoms |
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| decline |
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| symptoms begin to get better |
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| convalescence |
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| recuperation period |
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| three reservoirs for disease |
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| human, animal, nonliving |
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| human reservoirs |
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| humans have active infections but inapparent |
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| animal reservoirs |
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| zoonoses - infections acquired from animals insects |
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| non-living reserviors |
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| soil, water supplies |
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| zoonoses |
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| infection from animal |
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| direct contact transmission |
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| requires live physical contact |
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| indirect contact transmission |
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| indirect contact -fomite -droplet |
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| fomite transmission |
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| inanimate object transmission sneeze guard |
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| droplet transmission |
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| sneeze |
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| vehicle transmission via water |
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| sewage contamination |
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| vehicle food transmission |
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| via food |
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| airborne vehicle transmission |
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| droplet |
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| vector transmissoin |
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| insect or animal |
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| biological vector transmission |
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| bite from insect or animal |
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| mechanical vector transmission |
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| animal/insect lands on you with germs on foot (NO BITE) |
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| nosocomial infections |
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| hospital acquired |
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| exogenous nosocomial infection |
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| acquired from hospital - not normal flora |
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| endogenous nosocomial infection |
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| from patients normal flora bc of supressed immune system |
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| factors in nosocomial infection |
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| hospitals are major reservoir patients are compromised hosts caregivers create chain of transmission |
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| emerging disease |
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| new or drug-resistant infection |
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| factors in emergence of infectious disease |
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| growing human population tech and industry international travel and commerce microbe mutation breakdown of public health measures bioterrorism |
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| epidemiology specifics |
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| etiology - mircobe and mode of transmission occurence - how many, where and when demographics - who was infected and what do they have in commonprevention - can require understanding behavior/culture |
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| portals of entry |
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| mucous membranes skin parenteral - break in skin that's not normally there |
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| Portals of exit |
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| feces, blood, semen, tears, urine |
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| ID50 |
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| how many microbes you need to get 50% of your sample population sick |
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| LD50 |
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| how much toxin in required to kill 50 % of sample population |
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| low ID50 |
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| high virulence |
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| adherance |
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| how microbe binds to host cell adhesins and biofilms |
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| penetration |
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| help with penetration -capsules -M protein -waxy cell wall -enzymes -invasins |
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| adhesins |
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| allow bacteria to adhere to specific proteins on host |
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| biofilms |
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| communities of microbes use glycocalyx to adhere and spread on non-living surfaces |
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| capsules |
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| impair phagocytosis improve ability to grow within or on host cells |
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| M protein |
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| cell wall component that aids attachment and pentration, resists phagocytosis |
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| waxy cell wall |
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| resists phagocytosis |
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| enzymes |
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| help with penetration: coagulase, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase |
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| invasin |
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| bacterial surface proteins cause rearrangement of host cell cytoskeleton creates ruffle on host cell that protects bacteria |
