DANB RHS – Flashcard
153 test answers
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Premolar Bite-Wing must include:
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Distal 1/2 canine, all premolars present & 1st molars of the MX & MD teeth, & crestal bone
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Incorrect Horizontal Angulation Appearance:
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overlapped contact areas appear on the film
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Cone-cut Appearance:
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a clear, unexposed area on the film
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Film Bending Appearance:
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film appears stretched & distorted (all or portion of film)
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Film Creasing Appearance:
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a thin radiolucent (dark) line appears on the film (usually straight)
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Phalangioma Appearance:
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patient's finger appears on the film image
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Double Exposure Appearance:
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two (double) images are superimpose on top of each other
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Patient movement Appearance:
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film image is distorted or blurred
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Incorrect Vertical Angulation Appearance:
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short teeth w/ blunted roots appear on the film (foreshortened)
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Dropped Film Corner Appearance:
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the occlusal plane appears tipped or tilted
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Incorrect Film Placement Appearance:
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no apices on the film
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Molar Bite-Wing must include:
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Distal 1/2 of second premolar, all molars present, & both MX & MD molars, & crestal bone
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Reversed Film Appearance:
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light images w/ a herringbone pattern appear on the film
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X-ray Machine Purpose: (2)
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1- produce quality radiographs, 2- detection of disease & lesions for diagnostic purposes
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Federal Regulations- 1968:
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Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act: Standardize performance of x-ray equipment
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Federal Regulations- 1974:
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US FDA standardized all manufacturing of radiographic dental equipment (all machines must meet this)
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State Gov't Regulations determine when & how dental x-ray equipment is monitored:
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MN- mandatory every 2 years
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Tube head or tube housing used to:
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produce x-rays
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Extension arm used to: (3)
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suspend tubehead, house electrical wires, & allows movement in all directions & positioning of the x-ray tubehead
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Control panel used to: (3)
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allows for regulation x-ray beam, control electrical current for generation of X-rays, & house control buttons and settings
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kvP:
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65-100 kVp range- peak of enegry
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mA:
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7-15 range- amount
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Exposure time:
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1/60th of a second- standard & 1/100th of a second- digital
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Collimator:
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lead diaphragm used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam (round, rectangular, cone)
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X-ray film holders:
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stabe(styrofoam bite block, slimplest), XCP, Bite tab, EEZE grip, etc.
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Beam Alignment Device:
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used to help the radiographer position the PID in relationship to the tooth and film
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X-ray:
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beam of energy
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Image:
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picture or likeness of an object
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Receptor:
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something that responds to a stimulus
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Film Compostion: (4)
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film base, adhesive layer, film emulsion, protective layer
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Film emulsion purpose & mixture:
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to give film greater sensitivity to x-radiation, homogeneous misture of gelatin & silver halide crystals
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Latent Image:
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stored image not visible on the film
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Purpose of Lead Foil Sheet:
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to prevent film fogging from scatter radiation
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Periapical:
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examines the entire tooth and surrounding structures
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Bitewing:
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examines the interproximal surfaces of the crowns of both MX and MD teeth w/ crestal bone
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Occlusal:
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examines large area of the MX or MD jaw
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Types of Intra-Oral Radiographic Examination: (3)
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periapical, interpoximal, & occlusal
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Periapical: (Purpose, Film Type, & Technique)
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used to examine the entire tooth & supporting bone, periapical film, paralleling & bisecting technique
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Interproximal: (Purpose, Film Type, & Technique)
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examine the crown of both the mx & md teeth on a single film, & adjacent surfaces of teeth & crestal bone, bite-wing film, bite-wing technique
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Occlusal: (Purpose, Film Type, & Technique)
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examine large areas of the mx or md on a single film, occlusal film, occlusal technique
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CMRS: (# of films)
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# of films depends on the radiographic technique used & the # of teeth present, Edentulous pt: 14 films, Dentulous pt: 14-20 films
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Extra-Oral Radiographic Examinations:
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inspection of large areas of the skull or jaw
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Prescribing Dental Radiographs:
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based on the individual needs of the pt, professional judgement of the dentist: #, type, & frequency
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Filtration:
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removes unwanted x-rays, amount equal to 0.5-1.0 mm
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Thyroid Collar:
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protects thyroid gland
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Lead Apron:
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protects lap & chest
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Fast Film:
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reduces exposure to radiation
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Film Holding Device:
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reduces exposure to pt, stabilizes film & reduces film movement
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Consumer-Patient Radiation Health & Safety Act: (1981)
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issues of education & certification of persons using radiographic equipment
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Maximum Permissible Does (MPD):
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maximum dose equivalent a body is permitted to receive in a specific amount of time w/ little or no injury. Occupational- 5.0 rems/year (0.05 SV/year) Nonoccupationally- 0.5 rems/year (0.005 Sv/year)
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Distance Recommendations:
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avoid the primary beam & limit x-radiation exposure, stand at least 6 ft. away from x-ray tubehead
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Maximum Accumulated Dose:
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based on worker's age. MAD= (N - 18) x 5 rems/year MAD= (N - 18) x 0.05 Sv/year
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ALARA concept:
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states that all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum, "as low as reasonably achieved"
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Most effective method of reducing pt exposure to radiation:
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fast films
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The thyroid collar must be worn for all intraoral & extraoral films: (True or False)
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False
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The dental radiographer should stand ______ degrees away from the primary beam:
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90-135
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Which PID is preferred & why:
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Longer (16-inch PID) is preferred because it produces less divergence of the x-ray beam
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Film Storage: (Temp & Humidity)
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store in cool, dry place. Temp- 50-70 degrees F, Humidity- 30-50%
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Penumbra:
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fuzzy, unclear area that surrounds a radiographic image
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Umbra:
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clear area on the center of the film image (most focused area)
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SLOB:
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same lingual, opposite buccal
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Describe the Role of Developer:
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reacts w/ silver halide crystals on the film that were affected by radiation, These crystals form the images
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Describe the Role of Fixer:
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removes any crystals that did not react, hardens the emulsion, and preserves the image
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Panoramic:
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provides a view of the entire mx and md
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Cephalometric:
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provides a leteral view of the skull
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Tomogram:
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provides a view of sections of the TMJ
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Who mounts film:
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any trained dental professional
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When to mount film(s):
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immediately after processing
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Purpose/Why of Film Mounting: (4)
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easier/quicker to view/interpret, easily stored, decrease chance of error in determining pt. R/L, & decrease handling/damage to emulsion
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Information on Label for Mount: (4)
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pt. full name, radiographers name, date of exposure, doctor name
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Radiolucent:
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black areas- allow x-rays to pass through, greater penetration of x-rays reach x-ray film
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Radiopaque:
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gray/white areas- resist passage of x-rays (block)
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Radiograph(X-ray film):
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a picture; recording medium
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Convex dot:
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surface towards tubehead or source of radiation
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Concave dot:
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away from tubehead or source of radiation
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Labial:
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facing patient to view (pt.'s right side, your left), convex
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Lingual:
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behind patient to view (pt.'s right side, your right), concave
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Curve of Spee:
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smile line curves up
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Identification dot:
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small, raised bump
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What mounting is preferred by ADA:
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labial
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PPE in radiology:
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gloves, eyewear, & gowns should be used at all times, Mask is optional.
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Place _____ barriers on all equipment to be ____ during procedure:
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removable, touched
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Developing & Fixing solutions are/are not sterilizing agents:
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are NOT
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Density:
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overall darkness or blackness
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Milliamperage:
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current coming in; tells you how many, # of, qt.
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Kilovoltage Peak:
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pentrating power, quality
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Exposure Time:
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standard- 1/60th sec, digital- 1/100th sec
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TFD(Target-Film Distance):
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the distance from the target to the film should be as long as possible to direct the most parallel rays to the film and object
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OFD(Object-Film Distance):
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the film and the object should be as close together as possible to reduce the amount of magnification
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Purpose of Film Processing: (2)
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to convert the latent (invisible) image on the film into a visible image, to preserve the visible image so that it is permanent and does not disappear from the dental radiograph
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Silver Halide crystals duty:
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absorb x-radiation and store energy
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2 methods of processing radiographic films:
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manual and automatic
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Manual Film Processing: (5)
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developing solutions, film rinse, fixing solutions, wash film, dry films
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Developing purposes: (2)
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softens emulsion, & distinguishes between exposed and unexposed silver halide crystals to form image
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Rinsing purpose:
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to remove developer chemicals
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Fixing purposes: (2)
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removes unexposed crystals (unenergized), & hardens the emulsion
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Water Bath purpose:
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rinses out chemicals from film
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Replace Manual Chemicals:
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every 3-4 weeks
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Developing Solution Chemicals: (4)
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developing agent, preservative, accelerator, restrainer
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Developing Agent: (2)
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hydroquinoine- generates black tones & sharp contrast, elon- acts to quickly produce, generates shades of gray
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Preservative:
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sodium sulfite- antioxidate to prevent developer solution from oxidizing in presence of air, extends life
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Accelerator:
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sodium carbonate- alkali or base solution to activate the developing solution
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Restrainer:
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potassium bromide- control developer solution & prevent the developing of exposed and unexposed silver halide crystals, prevents fog
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Fixing Solution Chemicals: (4)
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fixing agent, preservative, hardening agent, acidifier
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Fixing Agent (Clearing Agent):
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sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate- remove unexposed silver halide crystals
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Preservative:
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sodium sulfite- prevents chemicals from deteriorating
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Hardening Agent:
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potassium alum- hards and shrinks emulsion
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Acidifer:
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acrtic acid or sulfuric acid- neutralizes the alkaline developer
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Two types of lightening:
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safe light- (7 1/2 or 15 watts, red-orange light spectrum), & overhead lighting- used to perform tasks
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Difference between Manual & Automatic Processing:
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automatic has no rinse
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Reticulation:
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emulsion cracking (pebbled or cracked appearance), from temp being over at least 5 degrees
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Air Bubble Appearance:
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white spots on film image
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Fogged Film Appearance:
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gray film image; lacks detail and contrast
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Replenisher Solutions must be replenished:
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daily
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Fixer Spots:
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white spots appear on the film
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Developer Spots:
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dark spots appear on the film
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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen:
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discovered x-radation in 1895
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William Rollins:
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developed first dental x-ray unit
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Film-less Radiography Introduced In:
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1987
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Shades of Gray:
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256
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Types of Scanners: (3)
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round drum, flat screen, & slot scanner
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Speed of Light:
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186,000 miles per second
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Photons:
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bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel as waves at the speed of light and move through space in a straight line
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Stochastic Effects:
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direct function of dose with the probablility of occurrence increasing with increased dose, ex. cancer, genetic mutations
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Nonstochastic Effects:
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have a threshold and increased severity with increased absorbed dose, ex. loss of hair, decreased fertility, erythema
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Scatter radiation causes:
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film fogging
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X-radiation:
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a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube
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Radiation:
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a form of energy carried by waves or stream of particles
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Wavelenght determines the: (2)
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energy and penetrating power of radiation
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kVp controls:
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the quality or wavelength and energy of the x-ray beam
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Polychromatic x-ray beam:
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a beam that contains many different wave-lengths of varying intensities
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Exposure time is measured in:
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impulses
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Kilovoltage Peak Rule:
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when kilovoltage is increased by 15, exposure time should be decreased by half. When kilovoltage is decreased by 15, exposure time should be doubled
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Amperage determines:
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the amount of electrons passing through the cathode filament
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Milliamperage Regulates:
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the temperature of the cathode filament
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Target-surface distance:
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distance from the source of radiation to the patient's skin
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Target-object distance:
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distance from the source of radiation to the tooth
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Target-film distance:
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distance from the source of radiation to the film
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Inverse Square Law:
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the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation
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Inversely proportional means:
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that as one variable increases, the other decreases
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Aluminum Filters remove:
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low-energy, less penetrating, longer wavelengths
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Latent Period:
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the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs
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Critical Organs: (4)
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skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, & bone marrow
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Traditional Units of Radiation: (3)
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roentgen (R), radiation absorbed dose (rad), roentgen equivalent man (rem)
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SI Units of Radiation: (3)
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Couloms/kilogram (C/kg), gray (Gy), sievert (Sv)
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Dose:
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the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue
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Best: Film speed, Collimation, Technique, & Exposure factors
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Using F-speed instead of D-speed reduces the absorbed dose by 60%, Using a rectangular collimation instead of a round reduces the absorbed by 60-70%, Can be limited by using longer source-to-film distance, long-cone & paralleling technique, Exposure can be limited by using a higher kilovoltage peak
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Two Types of Filtration:
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inherent and added
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_____ absorb x-radiation during x-ray exposure and store the energy from the radiation.
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silver halide crystals
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