question

Unexposed Film Appearance:

answer

clear film w/ a bluish tinge

question

Film Exposed to White Light Appearance:

answer

film appears black

question

Over Exposed Film Appearance:

answer

film appears dark

question

Under Exposed Film:

answer

film appears light

question

Premolar Bite-Wing must include:

answer

Distal 1/2 canine, all premolars present & 1st molars of the MX & MD teeth, & crestal bone

question

Incorrect Horizontal Angulation Appearance:

answer

overlapped contact areas appear on the film

question

Cone-cut Appearance:

answer

a clear, unexposed area on the film

question

Film Bending Appearance:

answer

film appears stretched & distorted (all or portion of film)

question

Film Creasing Appearance:

answer

a thin radiolucent (dark) line appears on the film (usually straight)

question

Phalangioma Appearance:

answer

patient's finger appears on the film image

question

Double Exposure Appearance:

answer

two (double) images are superimpose on top of each other

question

Patient movement Appearance:

answer

film image is distorted or blurred

question

Incorrect Vertical Angulation Appearance:

answer

short teeth w/ blunted roots appear on the film (foreshortened)

question

Dropped Film Corner Appearance:

answer

the occlusal plane appears tipped or tilted

question

Incorrect Film Placement Appearance:

answer

no apices on the film

question

Molar Bite-Wing must include:

answer

Distal 1/2 of second premolar, all molars present, & both MX & MD molars, & crestal bone

question

Reversed Film Appearance:

answer

light images w/ a herringbone pattern appear on the film

question

X-ray Machine Purpose: (2)

answer

1- produce quality radiographs, 2- detection of disease & lesions for diagnostic purposes

question

Federal Regulations- 1968:

answer

Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act: Standardize performance of x-ray equipment

question

Federal Regulations- 1974:

answer

US FDA standardized all manufacturing of radiographic dental equipment (all machines must meet this)

question

State Gov't Regulations determine when & how dental x-ray equipment is monitored:

answer

MN- mandatory every 2 years

question

Tube head or tube housing used to:

answer

produce x-rays

question

Extension arm used to: (3)

answer

suspend tubehead, house electrical wires, & allows movement in all directions & positioning of the x-ray tubehead

question

Control panel used to: (3)

answer

allows for regulation x-ray beam, control electrical current for generation of X-rays, & house control buttons and settings

question

kvP:

answer

65-100 kVp range- peak of enegry

question

mA:

answer

7-15 range- amount

question

Exposure time:

answer

1/60th of a second- standard & 1/100th of a second- digital

question

Collimator:

answer

lead diaphragm used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam (round, rectangular, cone)

question

X-ray film holders:

answer

stabe(styrofoam bite block, slimplest), XCP, Bite tab, EEZE grip, etc.

question

Beam Alignment Device:

answer

used to help the radiographer position the PID in relationship to the tooth and film

question

X-ray:

answer

beam of energy

question

Image:

answer

picture or likeness of an object

question

Receptor:

answer

something that responds to a stimulus

question

Film Compostion: (4)

answer

film base, adhesive layer, film emulsion, protective layer

question

Film emulsion purpose & mixture:

answer

to give film greater sensitivity to x-radiation, homogeneous misture of gelatin & silver halide crystals

question

Latent Image:

answer

stored image not visible on the film

question

Purpose of Lead Foil Sheet:

answer

to prevent film fogging from scatter radiation

question

Periapical:

answer

examines the entire tooth and surrounding structures

question

Bitewing:

answer

examines the interproximal surfaces of the crowns of both MX and MD teeth w/ crestal bone

question

Occlusal:

answer

examines large area of the MX or MD jaw

question

Types of Intra-Oral Radiographic Examination: (3)

answer

periapical, interpoximal, & occlusal

question

Periapical: (Purpose, Film Type, & Technique)

answer

used to examine the entire tooth & supporting bone, periapical film, paralleling & bisecting technique

question

Interproximal: (Purpose, Film Type, & Technique)

answer

examine the crown of both the mx & md teeth on a single film, & adjacent surfaces of teeth & crestal bone, bite-wing film, bite-wing technique

question

Occlusal: (Purpose, Film Type, & Technique)

answer

examine large areas of the mx or md on a single film, occlusal film, occlusal technique

question

CMRS: (# of films)

answer

# of films depends on the radiographic technique used & the # of teeth present, Edentulous pt: 14 films, Dentulous pt: 14-20 films

question

Extra-Oral Radiographic Examinations:

answer

inspection of large areas of the skull or jaw

question

Prescribing Dental Radiographs:

answer

based on the individual needs of the pt, professional judgement of the dentist: #, type, & frequency

question

Filtration:

answer

removes unwanted x-rays, amount equal to 0.5-1.0 mm

question

Thyroid Collar:

answer

protects thyroid gland

question

Lead Apron:

answer

protects lap & chest

question

Fast Film:

answer

reduces exposure to radiation

question

Film Holding Device:

answer

reduces exposure to pt, stabilizes film & reduces film movement

question

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health & Safety Act: (1981)

answer

issues of education & certification of persons using radiographic equipment

question

Maximum Permissible Does (MPD):

answer

maximum dose equivalent a body is permitted to receive in a specific amount of time w/ little or no injury. Occupational- 5.0 rems/year (0.05 SV/year) Nonoccupationally- 0.5 rems/year (0.005 Sv/year)

question

Distance Recommendations:

answer

avoid the primary beam & limit x-radiation exposure, stand at least 6 ft. away from x-ray tubehead

question

Maximum Accumulated Dose:

answer

based on worker's age. MAD= (N - 18) x 5 rems/year MAD= (N - 18) x 0.05 Sv/year

question

ALARA concept:

answer

states that all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum, "as low as reasonably achieved"

question

Most effective method of reducing pt exposure to radiation:

answer

fast films

question

The thyroid collar must be worn for all intraoral & extraoral films: (True or False)

answer

False

question

The dental radiographer should stand ______ degrees away from the primary beam:

answer

90-135

question

Which PID is preferred & why:

answer

Longer (16-inch PID) is preferred because it produces less divergence of the x-ray beam

question

Film Storage: (Temp & Humidity)

answer

store in cool, dry place. Temp- 50-70 degrees F, Humidity- 30-50%

question

Penumbra:

answer

fuzzy, unclear area that surrounds a radiographic image

question

Umbra:

answer

clear area on the center of the film image (most focused area)

question

SLOB:

answer

same lingual, opposite buccal

question

Describe the Role of Developer:

answer

reacts w/ silver halide crystals on the film that were affected by radiation, These crystals form the images

question

Describe the Role of Fixer:

answer

removes any crystals that did not react, hardens the emulsion, and preserves the image

question

Panoramic:

answer

provides a view of the entire mx and md

question

Cephalometric:

answer

provides a leteral view of the skull

question

Tomogram:

answer

provides a view of sections of the TMJ

question

Who mounts film:

answer

any trained dental professional

question

When to mount film(s):

answer

immediately after processing

question

Purpose/Why of Film Mounting: (4)

answer

easier/quicker to view/interpret, easily stored, decrease chance of error in determining pt. R/L, & decrease handling/damage to emulsion

question

Information on Label for Mount: (4)

answer

pt. full name, radiographers name, date of exposure, doctor name

question

Radiolucent:

answer

black areas- allow x-rays to pass through, greater penetration of x-rays reach x-ray film

question

Radiopaque:

answer

gray/white areas- resist passage of x-rays (block)

question

Radiograph(X-ray film):

answer

a picture; recording medium

question

Convex dot:

answer

surface towards tubehead or source of radiation

question

Concave dot:

answer

away from tubehead or source of radiation

question

Labial:

answer

facing patient to view (pt.'s right side, your left), convex

question

Lingual:

answer

behind patient to view (pt.'s right side, your right), concave

question

Curve of Spee:

answer

smile line curves up

question

Identification dot:

answer

small, raised bump

question

What mounting is preferred by ADA:

answer

labial

question

PPE in radiology:

answer

gloves, eyewear, & gowns should be used at all times, Mask is optional.

question

Place _____ barriers on all equipment to be ____ during procedure:

answer

removable, touched

question

Developing & Fixing solutions are/are not sterilizing agents:

answer

are NOT

question

Density:

answer

overall darkness or blackness

question

Milliamperage:

answer

current coming in; tells you how many, # of, qt.

question

Kilovoltage Peak:

answer

pentrating power, quality

question

Exposure Time:

answer

standard- 1/60th sec, digital- 1/100th sec

question

TFD(Target-Film Distance):

answer

the distance from the target to the film should be as long as possible to direct the most parallel rays to the film and object

question

OFD(Object-Film Distance):

answer

the film and the object should be as close together as possible to reduce the amount of magnification

question

Purpose of Film Processing: (2)

answer

to convert the latent (invisible) image on the film into a visible image, to preserve the visible image so that it is permanent and does not disappear from the dental radiograph

question

Silver Halide crystals duty:

answer

absorb x-radiation and store energy

question

2 methods of processing radiographic films:

answer

manual and automatic

question

Manual Film Processing: (5)

answer

developing solutions, film rinse, fixing solutions, wash film, dry films

question

Developing purposes: (2)

answer

softens emulsion, & distinguishes between exposed and unexposed silver halide crystals to form image

question

Rinsing purpose:

answer

to remove developer chemicals

question

Fixing purposes: (2)

answer

removes unexposed crystals (unenergized), & hardens the emulsion

question

Water Bath purpose:

answer

rinses out chemicals from film

question

Replace Manual Chemicals:

answer

every 3-4 weeks

question

Developing Solution Chemicals: (4)

answer

developing agent, preservative, accelerator, restrainer

question

Developing Agent: (2)

answer

hydroquinoine- generates black tones & sharp contrast, elon- acts to quickly produce, generates shades of gray

question

Preservative:

answer

sodium sulfite- antioxidate to prevent developer solution from oxidizing in presence of air, extends life

question

Accelerator:

answer

sodium carbonate- alkali or base solution to activate the developing solution

question

Restrainer:

answer

potassium bromide- control developer solution & prevent the developing of exposed and unexposed silver halide crystals, prevents fog

question

Fixing Solution Chemicals: (4)

answer

fixing agent, preservative, hardening agent, acidifier

question

Fixing Agent (Clearing Agent):

answer

sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate- remove unexposed silver halide crystals

question

Preservative:

answer

sodium sulfite- prevents chemicals from deteriorating

question

Hardening Agent:

answer

potassium alum- hards and shrinks emulsion

question

Acidifer:

answer

acrtic acid or sulfuric acid- neutralizes the alkaline developer

question

Two types of lightening:

answer

safe light- (7 1/2 or 15 watts, red-orange light spectrum), & overhead lighting- used to perform tasks

question

Difference between Manual & Automatic Processing:

answer

automatic has no rinse

question

Reticulation:

answer

emulsion cracking (pebbled or cracked appearance), from temp being over at least 5 degrees

question

Air Bubble Appearance:

answer

white spots on film image

question

Fogged Film Appearance:

answer

gray film image; lacks detail and contrast

question

Replenisher Solutions must be replenished:

answer

daily

question

Fixer Spots:

answer

white spots appear on the film

question

Developer Spots:

answer

dark spots appear on the film

question

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen:

answer

discovered x-radation in 1895

question

William Rollins:

answer

developed first dental x-ray unit

question

Film-less Radiography Introduced In:

answer

1987

question

Shades of Gray:

answer

256

question

Types of Scanners: (3)

answer

round drum, flat screen, & slot scanner

question

Speed of Light:

answer

186,000 miles per second

question

Photons:

answer

bundles of energy with no mass or weight that travel as waves at the speed of light and move through space in a straight line

question

Stochastic Effects:

answer

direct function of dose with the probablility of occurrence increasing with increased dose, ex. cancer, genetic mutations

question

Nonstochastic Effects:

answer

have a threshold and increased severity with increased absorbed dose, ex. loss of hair, decreased fertility, erythema

question

Scatter radiation causes:

answer

film fogging

question

X-radiation:

answer

a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube

question

Radiation:

answer

a form of energy carried by waves or stream of particles

question

Wavelenght determines the: (2)

answer

energy and penetrating power of radiation

question

kVp controls:

answer

the quality or wavelength and energy of the x-ray beam

question

Polychromatic x-ray beam:

answer

a beam that contains many different wave-lengths of varying intensities

question

Exposure time is measured in:

answer

impulses

question

Kilovoltage Peak Rule:

answer

when kilovoltage is increased by 15, exposure time should be decreased by half. When kilovoltage is decreased by 15, exposure time should be doubled

question

Amperage determines:

answer

the amount of electrons passing through the cathode filament

question

Milliamperage Regulates:

answer

the temperature of the cathode filament

question

Target-surface distance:

answer

distance from the source of radiation to the patient's skin

question

Target-object distance:

answer

distance from the source of radiation to the tooth

question

Target-film distance:

answer

distance from the source of radiation to the film

question

Inverse Square Law:

answer

the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation

question

Inversely proportional means:

answer

that as one variable increases, the other decreases

question

Aluminum Filters remove:

answer

low-energy, less penetrating, longer wavelengths

question

Latent Period:

answer

the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs

question

Critical Organs: (4)

answer

skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, & bone marrow

question

Traditional Units of Radiation: (3)

answer

roentgen (R), radiation absorbed dose (rad), roentgen equivalent man (rem)

question

SI Units of Radiation: (3)

answer

Couloms/kilogram (C/kg), gray (Gy), sievert (Sv)

question

Dose:

answer

the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue

question

Best: Film speed, Collimation, Technique, & Exposure factors

answer

Using F-speed instead of D-speed reduces the absorbed dose by 60%, Using a rectangular collimation instead of a round reduces the absorbed by 60-70%, Can be limited by using longer source-to-film distance, long-cone & paralleling technique, Exposure can be limited by using a higher kilovoltage peak

question

Two Types of Filtration:

answer

inherent and added

question

_____ absorb x-radiation during x-ray exposure and store the energy from the radiation.

answer

silver halide crystals

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