CSET Multiple Subject Science notes – Flashcards
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positive thoughts
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involves self awareness self es
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a chemical change occurs when...
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a burner on a propane stove is lighted to heat water
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Periodic table layout
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1)A higher atomic weight than the one on its lft. 2)Similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column; Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number (i.e., the number of protons in the atomic nucleus). Rows are arranged w/similar
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Which is more acidic and will have lowest pH? milk, household ammonia, distilled water, vinegar
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vinegar
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difference between C 14 and C 12? (both have atomic number of six)
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C 14 has eight neutrons and C 12 has six neutrons
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mass, charge, and location of a proton
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Mass = 1; charge = positive; location = nucleus
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example of refraction of light waves
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light waves passing through raindrops produces a rainbow
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Newtons 3rd law of motion: every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
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inflated balloon moving through the air when it is not tied and it is let go
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Thermal energy vs temperature
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a cup of water at 50 degrees Celcius contains less thermal energy than a bathtub full of water at 10 degrees Celcius
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Fresh cut white flowers are put in water with blue dye. 24 hours later, 2 tablespoons of salt are added. What will happen to the flowers after another 24 hours
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wilted and light blue
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Left ventricle of the heart
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primarily responsible for pumping blood to most of the organs and tissues of the body
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Role of carbon in the functioning of biological systems
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carbon combines with a large number of other elements to form a variety of useful compounds
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Mutualism
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a biological interaction between two organisms, where each individual derives a fitness benefit
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genetic material is halved when...
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a cell in the testes of a male sparrow divides and produces four sperm
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roots grown down and shoots grow up, even if the seed is upside down due to...
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gravity
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shape of the Milky Way galaxy is...
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a flat central disk with rotating spiral arms
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barometers are used to compare what weather conditions
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air pressure
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Summer thunderstorms in Calif are caused by
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a cold front moving through the area forcing warm air up, causing condensation of water and forming thunderheads
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the inside, northern portion of Baja Calif would...
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experience the greatest daily difference between high tide and low tide
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High salinity of saltwater lakes is caused by...
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water does not drain out of saltwater lakes and is removed mainly by evaporation leaving salt behind
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Primary data source for research of the effects of logging on lakes and streams would be...
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topographical maps of the area showing logging roads and areas of clear cutting
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position
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the location of an object
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displacement
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how far an object has moved
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speed
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the time-rate displacement
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velocity
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speed with a specified direction
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acceleration
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the rate of velocity change
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energy
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the ability to do work
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potential energy
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energy stored within a physical system
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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activation energy
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energy needed by a system to initiate a particular process
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force
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either a push or pull on an object
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work
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exerting a force on an object over a distance
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energy sources
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heat, light, solar radiation, chemical, electrical, magnetic, and sound
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conservation of energy
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energy never disappears, it just changes forms
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temperature
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a measure of aggregate atomic or molecular activity within an object
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thermometers measure temperature by...
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expansion of properties of the fluids (such as mercury or alcohol) because the fluid expands at a specific rate
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ways to measure temperature
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thermometers, thermocouples, optical
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conduction
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transfer of heat when two objects differing in temperature are placed in contact
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radiation
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transfer of heat occurs in a vacuum where there is no possibility of conduction - such as the heat from an iron
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convection
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transfer of heat when heating and circulation of a substance that changes its density when heated. (hot air over land near coastal areas)
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light sources
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either mixtures of multiple wavelengths or a single wavelength
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white light
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the entire spectrum of visible colors
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vision
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light in the visible spectrum interacts with the rods and cones of the human eye, producing electrical signals which the brain interprets as color
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photosynthesis
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process of chlorophyll-containing organisms (green plants, algae, some bacteria) capture energy in the form of light and convert it to chemical energy
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photoemission
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light interacts with certain types of materials(usually alkali metals or combinations thereof)
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tranverse waves
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the wave disturbance (amplitude) is perpendicular to the direction of the propagation
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longitudinal waves
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the wave disturbance (amplitude) is parallel to the direction of the propagation
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reflection/reflected waves
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wave incident bounces off the surface and is redirected
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refraction/refracted waves
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wave penetrates the surface
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cell
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the fundamental unit of all living organisms; composed mainly of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
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cytoplasm
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part of a cell that is enclosed within the plasma membrane
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membrane
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separates the interior of a cell from the outside environment
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid; cannot leave the nucleus; tightly coiled as a chromosome
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somatic nervous system
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allows voluntary control over the skeletal muscle
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autonomic nervous systems
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controls involuntary movements such as cardiac and glandular functions
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exteroceptors
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nerve receptors for pain, temperature, touch, and pressure
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interoceptors
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internal environment receptors
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proprioceptors
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movement, position, and tension receptors
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circulatory system
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pumps blood;
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lympthocytes and antibody molecules
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part of the immune system to defend against foreign proteins and infectious microorganisms
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respiration
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expansion and contraction of the lungs; oxygen enters tiny capillaries combining with hemoglobin in red blood cells and is carried to tissues; carbon dioxide passes thru capillaries into the lungs
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digestion
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food is chewed and mixed w/saliva, then moves thru the esophogus to the stomach; involuntary muscle movements called peristalsis continues moving the food thru
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eukaryotic cells
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an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Almost all species of large organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi,
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ecology
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the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment
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ecosystems
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4 major parts: producers(green plants), consumers (herbivores and carnivores), decomposers (fungi and bacteria), nonliving or abiotic components(dead organic matter and nutrients in soil and water)
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ecosystem inputs
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solar energy, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, other elements and compounds
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ecosystem outputs
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heat of respiration, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrient losses
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habitat
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place where particular animals or plants live
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niche
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the functional role of a species in a community (a lion's niche is preying on the animals in his habitat)
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population growth factors
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birth rate vs. death rate;competition, predation, and coevolution
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predation
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consumption of one living organism, plant, or animal by another
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coevolution
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joint evolution of two unrelated species that have a close ecological relationship; the evolution of one species depends in part on the evolution of the other
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reproduction
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process whereby living plant or animal cells or organisms produce offspring
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asexual animal propogation
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reproductive processes in which only one parent gives rise to offspring; offspring are identical to the parent
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fission
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the parent organism splits into two or more daughter organisms
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sexual animal propogation
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sperm uniting with ova for fertilization; by means of insemination/copulation or cross fertilization (such as sperm and ova deposited in water by fish)
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evolution
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change in the genetic material of a population of organisms from one generation to the next
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Darwin
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1809-1892; evolution proceeds by the natural selection of well adapted individuals over a span of many generations
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Gregor Mendel
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laws of heredity; pea plants; genetic discoveries
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solar system
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the sun and the eight orbiting planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
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asteroids
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generally carbonaceous or rocky-metallic
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comets
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ices and water; dirty snowballs
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earth's rotation
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24 hour spinning
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earth's revolving
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365ish day turning around the sun
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the sun
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medium sized star; one of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy
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galaxies
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large collections of stars which are composed of not just stars but also hydrogen, dust particles, and other gases
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stars
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large masses of hydrogen pulled together under the influence of gravity
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minerals
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most common form of solid material in the earth's crust; the element must be found in nature and must neven have been part of any living organism; quartz, calcite, mica
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rock
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igneous (granite); metamorphic (marble); sedimentary (limestone)
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igneous rock
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fire rock; magma that hardens and solidifies
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metamorphic rock
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rocks that changed from igneous or sedimentary rocks
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sedimentary rock
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formed over thousands of years when little pieces of earth are broken down and worn away by wind and water
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layers of the earth
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1) atmosphere (gaseous); 2)hydrosphere (liquid); 3)lithosphere (largely solid); 4)mantle (largely solid); 5)core (largely solid)
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plate tectonics
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movement of lithospheric plates
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volcano
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mountain that shoots out magma which then hardens into lava; created when two tectonic plates collide, form a mtn. and blow their tops
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weather
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due to heating from the sun
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hydrologic cycle
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storage, evaporation, precipitation, and runoff
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river
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large, flowing body of water that usually empties into a sea or ocean
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estuary
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where a river meets an ocean or sea
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ocean
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large body of salt water that surrounds a continent; cover more than 2/3 of the earth's surface
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lake
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large body of water surrounded by land on all sides
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tides
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alternating rise and fall in sea level; produced by the gravitional attraction of the moon and sun
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hypotheses
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an educated guess that states there is some measurable relationship between two quantifiable variables
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observation
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act of sensing some measurable phenomenon
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organization
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relating parts to a coherent whole
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experimental
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testing the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable in a controlled environment
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inference
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deducing a conclusion from a measurement or observation that is not explicit to either
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prediction
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stating the outcome of an experiment in advance of doing it
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evidence
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data or observations that are relevant factors in testing hypotheses
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opinion
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an explanation of phenomena that may or may not be supported by evidence
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theory
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systematically organized knowledge that explains scientific phenomena
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law
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statement of observable behavior based on consistent experience (the law of gravity)
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cell
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smallest amount of life that is capable of reproductions; plant and animal cells have membranes; reproduce in 5 stages
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prokaryotes
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cells that are bacteria, including cyanobacteria
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eukaryotes
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plant and animal cells
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nucleus
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the cell's brain; contains genetic material
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cytoplasm
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gel-like substance in the interior of the cell contains organelles
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prophase
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mitosis begins as the cell begins to divide
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metaphase
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chromosomes align around the equator of the cell
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anaphase
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sister chromosomes are formed and move toward opposite ends of the cells
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telophase
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mitosis ends as two new nuclei are formed
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cytokinesis
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cell splits into 2 daughter cells in the final stage of reproduction
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meisosis
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creates sperm cells and egg cells, each with half the # of chromosomes (haploid) found in the human cell
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zygote
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when a sperm cell and an egg cell combine, creating a complete set of chromosomes
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chlorophyll in a plant's chloroplasts
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captures energy from the sun; the solar energy combines the CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere with H2O (water)to make glucose (sugar)
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respiration
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energy created through cells
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aerobic respiration
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the oxidation of food, which takes place in the presence
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anaerobic respiration
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like fermentation which takes place without respiration
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ingestion
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take in food
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digestion
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break down food to usable forms
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secretion
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create and release useful substances
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excretion
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eliminate waste material
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homeostasis
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maintain the cell's equilibrium
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chromosome
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a rodlike structure in the cell nucleus
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid; the messenger that carries the genetic code thru out the cell
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vertebrate
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animals with backbone
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invertebrate
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animals without backbone
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bacilli
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rod-shaped bacteria
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cocci
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circular or spherical bacteria
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spirilla
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coiled bacteria
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angiosperms
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largest groups of plants; have flowers and true leaves
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gymnosperms
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plants that have no flowers and have needles for leaves
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flower
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reproductive unit of most plants
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arthropods
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include insects (ants, beetles, butterflies), arachnids (spiders), and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters)
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insects
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cold blooded; mature insects have 3 body parts-head, thorax, abdomen; make up 25% of all animals on earth;
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metamorphosis
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distinct changes of individual development from an egg to an adult; stages- 1)egg, 2) larva emerges from egg 3)pupa (cocoon) 4) adult (emerges from cocoon0
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23 pairs of chromosomes
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# of chromosome pairs humans have; females have 23 similar pairs including a pair of X chromosomes; males have 22 similar pairs plus and X and Y chromosome
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bones
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consist of living marrow, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a hard calcium exterior
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thorax
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the ribs and the sternum
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pelvis
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hip bones and the sacrum
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patella
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kneecap
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tibia
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shinbone
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tarsal
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seven anklebones
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metatarsals
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the sole and instep of the foot
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clavicle
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the shoulder bone
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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humerus
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upper arm bone
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radius and ulna
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the two bones that form the forearm
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carpal
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the eight wrist bones
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metacarpal
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the five bones that form the palm
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joint
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where two or more bones meet; held together by ligaments;
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cartilage
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substance between the bones that absorbs the shock of the bones moving against one another
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cranium
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skull atop the body that contains the brain
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spinal column
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vertebra; partitioned into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx sections
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central nervous system
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the brain and the spinal cord
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cerebrum
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3/4 of the brain's mass; partitioned into left and right hemispheres; temporal lobe controls hearing and smell, occipital lobe controls sight
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cerebral cortex
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surrounds the cerebrum
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cerebellum
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controls muscle activity and is located below the cerebrum
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respiratory system
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introduces oxygen into the body from the air
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pharynx
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the throat
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trachea
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the windpipe
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atrium
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upper portion of the heart
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ventricle
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lower portion of the heart
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heart contracts
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oxygen poor blood goes from right ventricle thru lungs to left atrium; oxygen rich blood goes from left ventricle thru lungs to right atrium
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heart relaxes
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oxygen-rich blood enters left atrium from lungs; oxygen poor blood enters right atrium from the body
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arteries
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strong tubes that carry blood away from the heart
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capillaries
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tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen to individual cells
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plasma
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transports red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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red blood cells
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carry oxygen
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white blood cells
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part of the immune system
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platelets
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aid in clotting
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3 types of muscles
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skeletal muscles; smooth muscles; cardiac muscles
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skeletal muscles
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control voluntary acts such as chewing, jumping, and turning the head
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smooth muscles
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control involuntary activities and are found in blood vessels and the urinary tract
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cardiac muscles
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found only in the heart
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pituitary gland
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near the brain; controls other endocrine glands, sex glands, milk production, and pigmentation
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adrenal glands
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near the kidney; affect heart rate, blood pressure, blood vessels, and blood sugar
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thyroid
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in the neck; regulates mental and physical alertness
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antigens
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disease causing agents
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lymphocytes
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control the immune system and kill antigens directly
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granulocytes
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numerous; ingest antigens already killed by cell enzymes
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monocytes
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small numbers; ingest and kill antigens, alter antigens in a way that makes it easier for lymphocytes to destroy them
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immunoglobins
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antibodies; combine with antigens to disable them
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cytokines
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complement proteins and aid the immune response
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ecology
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the relationship between organisms and their ecosystem
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aquatic biomes
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ocean, shallow water, tidal marshes
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land biomes
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forest, grassland, and desert
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water cycle
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evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
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evaporation
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when heat from the sun changes ocean water and other sources into water vapor
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condensation
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when water vapor turns into water droplets which form clouds
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precipitation
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when the droplets become too heavy and water falls as rain, snow, sleet, or hail
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astronomy
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study of space and the relationship of objects in space
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sun
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a turbulent mass of incredibly hot gases exploding with repeated nuclear fusion reactions; about 1,000,000 earths could fit inside it; surface temp 10,000 degrees Fah.
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earth
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third planet from the sun; about 91-95,000,000 miles from sun; 7,900 miles in diameter; tilted at about 23 degrees
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lunar eclipse
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when the moon is in the earth's shadow
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solar eclipse
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when the sun is 'hidden' behind the moon
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cosmology
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the study of the universe
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andromeda galaxy
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over 2 million light years from earth
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meteorology
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the study of the earth's atmosphere
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high pressure systems
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usually associated with good weather
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low pressure systems
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usually associated with bad weather
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humidity
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the percent of water vapor in the air
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dew point
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the temp below which the air will become so humid that it is saturated with water
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fog
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a cloud that touches the ground
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stratus clouds
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low hanging clouds; rain or snow may fall from nimbostratus clouds ; a few thousand feet above ground
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cumulus clouds
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puffy, cotton like; strong convective, upward wind currents; about 1 mile above ground
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cirrus clouds
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high wispy clouds made up of ice crystals; frequently 3-5 miles above ground
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lightning
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an instantaneous, high energy electrical discharge in the atmosphere; occurs when positive and negative charges are separated in the atmosphere; can be from cloud to cloud or cloud to ground
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warm front
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the air behind the front is warmer than the air in front
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cold front
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the air behind the front is colder than the are in front
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oceanography
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study of the worlds oceans and ocean beds; encompasses about 71% of earth's surface
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seawater
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3.5% salt; the sea provides about 25% of the protein needed in the world
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geology
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the study of the earth, its development and origin
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earth's five parts
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atmosphere, crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core
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atmosphere
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the gaseous region surrounding the earth; 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, remaining 1%=carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor, and other gases; extends out 650 miles
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ozone layer
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about 20 miles into the atmosphere; protects from ultraviolet rays
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hydrosphere
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layer of water that covers about 3/4 of earth's surface; salt water makes up about 95% of earths water; ocean depth's average 12,400 feet
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lithosphere
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the rigid crust (20 miles thick) and upper mantle (40 miles thick); tectonic plates drift on asthenosphere which separate the lithosphere from the mantle
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rigid mantle
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reaches a depth of 1800 miles
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outer core
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about 1400 miles thick; made of dense rigid materials
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inner core
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radius of 800 miles; very dense and hot w/temps over 10,000 degrees Fah.
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chemistry
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the composition, properties, and interactions of matter
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atoms
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so small they cannot be seen even with microscopes; contain 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons
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nucleus
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contains positively charged protons and neutrons with a neutral charge; negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus
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periodic table
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elements, either natural or artificially produced, that cannot be broken by chemical means into other elements; atoms are the smallest piece of an element
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periodic table breakdown
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each cell shows the atomic symbol and the atomic number of an element; the atomic number shows how many protons are in the nucleus; generally elements have the same # of protons and electrons
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atomic mass
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shows the total number of protons and neutrons
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amu
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atomic mass unit
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matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space; can be solid, liquid, or gas; can change from one form to another; made up of atoms; is conserved - cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted into energy
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compound
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formed when two or more elements unite chemically;
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molecule
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the smallest part of a compound with the properties of that compound
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three types of chemical compounds
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acids, bases, and salt; acids dissolved in water produce hydrogen; bases dissolved in water produce hydroxide; acids and bases combined form salt
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a solution
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formed when elements or compounds are dissolved in another substance (lemon juice + sugar dissolved in water is a solution of lemonade)
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chemical reaction
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when one or more new substances are formed (cement mixed with water creates concrete)
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physics
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seeks to describe nature thru a number of general statements or laws; these laws are often stated in mathematical form
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mass
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the amount of matter in a body; a measure of the body's inertia(resistance to change of motion)
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weight
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the measure of the force of gravity on a body
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density
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how compact the matter is
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force
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energy that causes a change in an objects motion or shape
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velocity
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magnitude (ex: miles per hour) and direction (ex: from 220 degrees)
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newtons 1st law of motion (inertia)
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a body maintains its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an outside force
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newtons 2nd law of motion (constant acceleration)
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as force is applied to an object, the object accelerates in the direction of the force
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newtons 3rd law of motion (conservation of momentum)
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for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (if two objects bump into each other, they are both pushed away)
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wave frequency
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the vibrations per second
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wavelength
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the distance between crests
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light
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produced by heated electrons vibrating at high frequencies; travels in straight lines; spreads out as it travels; black surfaces absorb light, white surfaces scatter light
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sounds
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are waves; must travel thru a medium(gas, solid, or liquid) for the human ear to hear it; travels thru air @ 1,110 ft/second, thru water @ 5,000 ft/second, thru stone @ 20,000 ft/second
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protons
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positive charge
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neutrons
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neutral charge
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electrons
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negative charge
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electricity
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like charges repel (ex: 2 positive charges repel); unlike charges attract (ex: positive and negative attract);
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volt
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measures the force of the current
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ampere (amp)
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measures the rate of current flow
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ohm
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tells the resistance in the wire to the flow of electricity
