question

a speech sound analysis that compares what the child is producing to the adult form of the phoneme is called

answer

relational analysis

question

speech screenings that do not have a set pass/fail criteria and are typically developed by the clinician are called

answer

informal speech screening

question

contextual testing allows clinicians to examine how ____ affects phoneme production

answer

coarticulaiton

question

a child who produces /t/ for /s, (th's), (sh's)/ may be producing a phonological:

answer

patterns

question

when assessing the phonological systems of young infants and toddlers, clinicians should:

answer

conduct independent phonological analyses

question

a comprehensive phonological evaluation assesses areas beyond phonology such as language, hearing, oral mechanism, and what other two areas?

answer

Voice and fluency

question

an audiological screening can be completed in two ways:

answer

pure tone screening and impedance screening

question

by the age of 24 months, children should have approximately _____ words and be able to ______

answer

50, combine two words into phrases

question

the most accurate way to capture a child's phoneme productions during testing is

answer

narrow transcription

question

during an oral mechanism exam, it is important to assess the ____ and ______ of all articulators

answer

Structure and function

question

a child's ability to be understood in conversational speech is referred to as

answer

intelligibility

question

_____ refers to the degree or significance of a phonological impairment

answer

severity

question

a child produces the word "ski" like "key", this is an example of

answer

cluster reduction

question

a child produces the word "swing" like "sawing", this is an example of

answer

epenthesis

question

which of the following is the best example of a child who would be eligible for speech therapy services (based only on phonological analysis)

answer

a 9-year-old with a persistent /r/ error

question

if a child is able to correctly produce a sound in certain contexts but not in others, this indicates that the sound is

answer

inconsistent

question

if an 8-year-old child is misarticulating the /s,r/ phonemes, clinicians should choose to

answer

target both

question

a dialectical difference is

answer

a phonological difference and not usually appropriate for therapy

question

computer assisted phonological analysis can be described as

answer

time-saving, but not a replacement for clinical judgement

question

T/F: most children receive language screening at the start of formal school (kindergarten). (state specific standards my affect this answer)

answer

true

question

T/F: a phonological context that improves the production of a phoneme is called facilitative

answer

true

question

T/F: if a parent reports that a child is able to hear normally, a hearing screening is not necessary

answer

false

question

T/F: speech perception testing should be done on all individuals with a speech sound disorder

answer

false

question

T/F: narrow transcription should be used for all phonological assessments

answer

false

question

T/F: conversational speech samples alone are sufficient to determine whether or not a child needs speech therapy services

answer

false

question

T/F: teachers and peers have been shown to show different expectations/feelings towards individuals with speech sound disorders

answer

true

question

T/F: contextual testing allows clinicians to examine any phonological or morphological environments in which the child might have to produce the target phoneme

answer

true

question

T/F: connected speech sample is a crucial part of the phonological assessment

answer

true

question

T/F: if a child says "da" for "dog", that is an example of final consonant deletion

answer

true

question

T/F: a child between the ages of 2.5 and 3 years who is unintelligible is typically recommended for services

answer

true

question

T/F: computer-assisted phonological analysis programs are time-consuming and not helpful

answer

false

question

T/F: children over 9 year old with speech sound errors are said to have persistent errors

answer

true

question

T/F: working on earlier developing speech sounds will result in system wide phonological range

answer

false

question

T/F: individuals with a dialectal variation should never be considered for phonological therapy, unless the individual elects to pursue accent modification

answer

true

question

T/F: if a child has multiple sounds in error, clinicians should examine the speech sample for patterns

answer

true

question

T/F: phonemes that are frequently occurring within the language will not affect intelligibility

answer

false

question

A common organizational sequence for therapy is (in the correct order):

answer

Antecedent event, response, consequent event

question

Working on one-two phonemes at a time until mastery is achieved is an example of which goal attack strategy:

answer

vertical

question

According to our textbook, for children with multiple phoneme errors, the preferred goal attack strategy is:

answer

Cyclical

question

A list of words that contain a child's target speech sound but are never directly targeted in therapy is called a:

answer

generalization probe

question

When a child generalizes speech sound production skills from the syllable level to the word level, that is called:

answer

Across-linguistic unit generalization

question

When a child generalizes the correct production of the /s/ sound with an auditory model to correct production of the /s/ sound with a picture cue, that is called:

answer

Stimulus generalization

question

System-wide change is said to occur best when clinicians target the following kinds of sounds:

answer

non- Stimulable and later developing

question

Across-situational generalization should be facilitated as soon as:

answer

The client can produce the sound at the word level

question

Meaningfulness of materials, the degree to which information has been learned, distribution of therapy, and _____________ are four important factors that will affect the rate of retention.

answer

motivation

question

Johnny used to exhibit the phonological pattern of stopping for all fricatives and affricates. Johnny's SLP has been working on /s/ in treatment. Johnny now produces /s/ for all fricatives. This is an example of:

answer

fricitivazation***

question

A child's ability to manipulate phonemes is an example of:

answer

Deep levels of phonological awareness

question

The ability to segment a multi-syllablic word into is respective syllables is an example of:

answer

syllable-awareness

question

Awareness of rhyme tends to develop around the time that children can:

answer

use oral language productively

question

The words "cape" and "cane" are examples that can be used to test what phonological awareness skill?

answer

alliteration

question

The alphabetic principle refers to the systematic relationships that exist between:

answer

Graphemes and phonemes

question

Phonological awareness assessments can be used to establish phonological awareness skills, determine contributing factors to reading difficulties, and:

answer

Monitor progress of phonological awareness intervention

question

Norm-referenced phonological awareness assessments may not take into account a child's speech sound disorder, therefore it's helpful to assess phonological awareness using:

answer

Receptive and expressive measures****

question

Criterion referenced assessments, compared to norm-referenced assessments, are more:

answer

informal

question

Dynamic assessments allow for multiple levels of:

answer

prompting

question

Intervention for phonological awareness for children with SSD should encompass three main areas in order to achieve reading success:

answer

Speech sound production, phonological awareness, letter knowledge

question

T/F: The horizontal approach is a goal attack strategy in which multiple phonemes are targeted within each treatment session.

answer

true

question

T/F: When a child is receiving treatment for a speech sound disorder, any change observed must be the result of the that treatment only.

answer

false

question

T/F: Generalization probes should include all words targeted in treatment.

answer

false

question

T/F: Across word position generalization happens when a child can produce the /f/ sound in the initial position and then, without direct treatment, can produce the /f/ sound in the final position.

answer

true

question

T/F: Generalization is proof that important changes are happening in treatment.

answer

true

question

T/F: All parents are always good generalization partners.

answer

false

question

T/F: Teaching a feature in one sound may result in generalization of that feature to another sound.

answer

true

question

T/F: All children who are dismissed from speech sound intervention have achieved mastery and retention of the skills.

answer

false

question

T/F: Children with multiple speech sound errors will have different treatment goals and generalization expectations compared to children with single speech sound errors.

answer

true

question

T/F: There are clearly delineated dismissal criteria for SLPs to use with all clients who have speech sound errors.

answer

false

question

T/F: An alliteration activity that requires children to pay attention to the initial phoneme in the word, produce the initial phoneme in the word correctly, and identify the letter that corresponds to the phoneme is a good example of phonological awareness treatment for children with SSD.

answer

true

question

T/F: Children with speech sound disorders and comorbid language impairments are at higher risk for literacy difficulties than children with isolated speech sound disorders.

answer

true

question

T/F: Collaboration between SLP and classroom teachers usually causes confusion regarding the best way to foster children's phonological awareness abilities.

answer

false

question

T/F: Working on phonological awareness is helpful for reading skills. If an SLP works on speech sound production alone, this will improve phonological awareness skills.

answer

false

question

T/F: Speech language pathologists can collaborate with teachers and reading specialists to formulate small group phonological awareness activities.

answer

true

question

T/F: Preschool aged children should be taught phonological awareness to a mastery level.

answer

false

question

T/F: Phonological awareness should be targeted in preschool only.

answer

false

question

T/F: Phonological awareness intervention is always best delivered in small group settings.

answer

false

question

Early 8

answer

m b j n w d p h My Boy John Notices Women Dang Police Hater

question

Middle 8

answer

t (ng) k g f v (ch) (d3) The ING King Goes For Very CHicken Jerky

question

Late 8

answer

sh th th s z l r 3 SH TH TH Short Zoo Lion Roars bEIGE

question

why is understanding normal speech sound acquisition important?

answer

to define what is normal and what is an impairment, for comparison

question

motherese/ child directed speech

answer

A term used in the study of CHILD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION for the way mothers talk to their young children. Its features include simplified grammar, exaggerated speech melody, diminutive forms of words such as doggie, and a highly repetitive style.

question

Name three common standardized single-word phonological/articulation assessments.

answer

GFTA-2

question

If a clinician is unsure of his/her transcription abilities, what are two options he/she has for collecting a thorough speech sample?

answer

audio or video record the speech sample for later review by the same or a different clinician (interjudge reliability) and if available, use aerodynamic or acoustical measures to supplement the transcription (though likely unavailable to the majority of SLPs).

question

List the pros and cons of spontaneous conversational speech samples compared to single-word speech samples (often used in spontaneous speech). Which should a clinician choose?

answer

Conversational speech sample pros: They provide information regarding the child's production of phonemes in a variety of contexts, using the child's natural prosody and vocabulary. Connected speech samples allow for contextual testing - determining if certain contexts allow for elicitation of certain phonemes (e.g., /s/ is only produced interdentally when in the medial position of words, or when in words that also contain the phoneme /c/ etc.). Conversational speech sample cons: Children may be hesitant to engage in conversation, may not represent all the phonemes the clinician wishes to target, the child may be unintelligible, or have learned to avoid the phonemes with which he/ she has difficulty. Single word speech sample pros: Single-word samples allow clinicians to examine a child's phoneme production quickly, clearly, and concisely in the initial, medial, and final position of words. Single-word samples are especially helpful in assessing children who are unintelligible, because the clinician has a reference to what the child is attempting to say. Single word speech sample cons: Single word samples do not always allow for examination of a phoneme production in all contexts (e.g., CV vs. CCV vs. CVCV, etc). Additionally, most assessments use nouns that can easily be pictured as target words, which does not allow for a full range of parts-of-speech to be assessed. Clinicians should use BOTH!

question

List three pros and three cons of standardized articulation tests.

answer

PROs: Valid and reliable, straightforward, developed by norms, test the right thing CONs: often age based, most target consonants, doesn't take intellectual abilities into affect

question

Know the different types of error pattern analysis

answer

May be based on phonological patterns, or on PMV (place, manner, voicing error patterns), or both. Also note that sometimes focus on whole word and/and or syllable pattern analysis

question

List three reasons that error analysis is important in phonetic/phonologic testing

answer

Error pattern identification provides a description of overall phonological system a means by which clinicians can *identify phonological patterns *Pattern identification most important for kids with multiple errors *Facilitate treatment efficiency

question

Case history: why it is important to obtain one, and list at least three critical pieces of information necessary to gather during a case history.

answer

They provide the clinician with important background information that frequently influences assessment decisions. They identify possible etiological factors, the family's/client's perception of the problem, the academic, work, home, and social environment of the client, and medical, developmental and social information about the client

question

Name the three ways that intelligibility can be measured.

answer

open-set word identification, closed-set word identification, and rating scale procedures

question

How is percentage of consonants correct (PCC) calculated?

answer

(#of correctly produced consonants/total#of consonants)x100

question

Describe the phonological pattern "coalescence" and give an example.

answer

When two phonemes are substituted with a di erent phoneme that still has similar features, foon for spoon

question

Name the two reasons phonological patterns are useful.

answer

Comparing the number and type of patterns a child is producing to what they should be producing at their age is useful diagnostically Treatment targets may be more easily selected when a pattern of errors is established

question

List the two ways in which "developmentally appropriateness" can be determined.

answer

1) comparing the child's productions to normative data for individual sounds. Clinicians can use the extant literature to review and determine the typical age at which a given percentage (this varies across studies) of children acquired a specific phoneme. 2) comparing the child's productions to normative data for a specific measure. Clinicians can use the norms provided within an assessment, such as the Goldman Fristoe, to determine if the amount of errors corresponds with the amount of errors that children of that age typically have.

question

Describe the different ways that clinical change can happen, outside of direct effects of treatment. You should discuss the extraneous factors that can be controlled (and how they can be controlled) and those that cannot.

answer

page 250-252

question

You are an SLP working with a first grade student named Molly. Molly cannot produce the /r/ or /s, z/ sounds. Molly's mom is very motivated to "fix" Molly's speech and so she has asked what kinds of activities she can do at home. You note that Molly's mom has a slight /r/ distortion in her speech and also has a hard time discriminating Molly's "good" /r/ productions. What kinds of carryover activities might you ask Molly's mom to do?

answer

Answers will vary but you guys should pull from information on page 262-263; in particular, you may suggest that Molly's mom work on less direct intervention techniques such as modeling good speech and language and reading to Molly. Also, you might look to Molly's teacher or day care provider for extra modeling and support.

question

What are three things parents can do at home to foster phonological awareness in preschool children?

answer

reading, talking, introducing new words

question

Besides phonological awareness skills, what other skills have shown to have a strong relationship with later reading success (name two)?

answer

Letter identification and letter sound correspondence

question

Give an example of shallow level of phonological awareness and an example of deep phonological awareness.

answer

Shallow: rhyme awareness Deep: when words share common phonemes

question

Compare and contrast norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, and dynamic assessments as they apply to examining phonological awareness in children with SSD. What are the benefits of each, and what are the cautions for each? Which would you choose for a 5-year-old child with a moderate speech sound disorder who was struggling with phonological awareness at the level of rhyming?

answer

368-372

question

In order to appropriately assess speech perception abilities, clinicians should examine: The specific phonemes in error, the context in which they are produced, motoric abilities, and ___________.

answer

Receptive vocabulary

question

Ankyloglossia refers to:

answer

a short frenum

question

The most common speech sound error seen in individuals with tongue thrust is:

answer

Sibilant distortions

question

A combination of which two approaches is suggested for treatment of tongue thrust:

answer

Articulation treatment and oral myofunctional therapy

question

Intelligence plays an important role in articulation skills in what population:

answer

Individuals with severe cognitive impairments

question

Phonological deficits often co-occur with deficits in what area of language:

answer

Morphosyntax

question

Children with speech sounds disorders are likely to have academic difficulties in what specific areas:

answer

Reading, spelling, phonological awareness

question

The number of speech sound errors in children has been shown to decrease from first through fourth grade due to:

answer

Maturation

question

In twin studies, which type of twins have more highly correlated articulation skills:

answer

Monozygotic

question

Personality may contribute to speech sound disorders. Specifically, parents of children with SSD have reported their child to be:

answer

overly sensitive

question

A dental appliance that is often used to replace part of the hard palate is called an:

answer

Obturator

question

An enlarged tongue is called:

answer

Macroglossia

question

A genetic disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome is called:

answer

Down Syndrome

question

Hearing loss can affect speech sound production as well as:

answer

Suprasegmentals

question

__________ is an impairment in motor programming, specific to speech sound production.

answer

apraxia

question

The most common type of speech sound disorder has:

answer

no known origin

question

The connection between speech sound disorders and stuttering may be:

answer

motoric

question

T/F: Research does not support a connection between otitis media and speech sound disorders.

answer

false

question

T/F: Children with missing teeth will always have a lisp.

answer

false

question

T/F: Frenum clipping is usually recommended for in individuals with severe ankyloglossia.

answer

true

question

T/F: Removal of part or all of the hard palate would have a detrimental effect to speech production.

answer

true

question

T/F: Oral tactile sensitivity is typically most sensitive at the midline of anatomical structures.

answer

true

question

T/F: Tongue thrust will always affect dentition.

answer

false

question

T/F:Tongue thrust only has to do with swallowing.

answer

false

question

T/F: Significantly more males have a speech sound disorder compared to females.

answer

true

question

T/F: Research has shown that children who use a pacifier may be 3 times more likely to develop a speech sound disorder compared to children who do not use a pacifier.

answer

true

question

T/F: Personality may be linked to speech sound production.

answer

true

question

T/F: Cleft lip always results in a speech sound disorder.

answer

false

question

T/F: The tongue is an adaptable muscle that can compensate even when part of it is surgically removed.

answer

true

question

T/F: Newborn hearing screenings are universal in the United States.

answer

false

question

T/F: Dysarthria is a neuromotor disorder that only affects the articulatory system.

answer

false

question

T/F: Speech sound disorders typically occur in isolation of other disorders.

answer

false

question

T/F: Children with speech sound disorder are more likely to have a co-occurring expressive, as opposed to receptive, language disorder.

answer

true

question

final consonant deletion

answer

omitting the final consonant

question

reduplication

answer

the same sounds are repeated

question

cluster reduction

answer

omitting one member of the cluster, sometimes resulting in a completely new sound

question

unstressed syllable deletion

answer

deleting the non-stressed syllable, initial non-stressed syllables are more likely to be deleted than non-initial

question

stopping

answer

fricative produced as a stop

question

pre vocalic voicing

answer

consonant (usually initial stop) is voiced before a vowel

question

final consonant devoicing

answer

the word final consonant is devoiced

question

Liquid gliding

answer

liquids are produced as glides

question

fronting

answer

velar stops are produced as alveolar stops, mostly initial position

question

depalatalization

answer

sh to s

question

harmony

answer

all consonants in a word share a property

question

Deaffrication

answer

ch to t, d3 to d

question

age when all speech sounds are mastered and adult-like

answer

8-9 years

question

age when all vowels in monosyllabic words are produced:

answer

3-4 years

question

age when intelligible to strangers 80% of the time

answer

3 years

question

stage one

answer

crying and fussing

question

stage two

answer

consonant-like vocal tract closure, raspberries and clicks

question

stage three

answer

imitate prosodic contours, marginal babbling, squeals

question

stage four

answer

reduplicated syllables, non-reduplicated syllables

question

stage five

answer

complex sounds

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