CRJ225 – Final – Flashcards
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The __ model of law sees the criminal law as originating in the conflict of interests of different groups
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conflict (p9)
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Acts that are bad in themselves are__
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mala in se (p8)
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True/False: Folkways are more serious norms than mores
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false (p3)
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Theory is:
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a plausible explanation of reality (p21)
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What is the "dark figure" of crime?
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the dark figure of crime is the number of crimes that go unreported and offenses that escape official notice (p37)
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What is formula to calculate a crime rate?
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(number of crimes)/(population*100,000)=crime rate (p30)
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Which of following is not a Part 1 index crime in the UCR?
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fraud (p28)
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Which of the following is not a drawback of using victim data?
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only the most serious offense is recorded when multiple offenses occur (p38)
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Which region of the U.S. has the highest homicide rate?
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south (p71)
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Most crimes are committed by which age group:
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15-24 (p59)
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The relationship between the amount of formal schooling individuals possess and arrest rates for traditional crimes is:
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negative (p74)
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List two family factors generally shown to be associated criminal behavior
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abuse, hospitality, supervision, parental criminality (p72)
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True/False: Race is related to crime because of various biological factors
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False; race is relatively arbitrary, socially defined status (p66)
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True/False: Race is unrelated to serial murder
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true (p215)
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Give the FBI's current definition of rape
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the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim" (p226)
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List three types of multicide
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serial murder, mass murder, spree murder (p213)
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In Wright and Decker's work with armed robbers, how did respondents most commonly report that they spent the money from their robberies?
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desperate partying (violent crime, slide 15)
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In Wright and Decker's work with armed robbers, which stage of the robbery was considered to be the "make or break" stage?
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announcing the robbery (violent crime, slide 24)
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Define assault
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threatening to do bodily harm to a person or placing him or her in fear of such harm. Assault is attempted, but uncompleted battery (p220)
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In Wright and Decker's work with residential burglars, what was the most preferable way to dispose of stolen property?
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Fence (property crime, slide 17; p248)
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Which method of collecting data did Wright and Decker use in their work with residential burglars and armed robbers?
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self-reports
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Box men are
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professional burglars who specialize in safes (p267)
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Which type of confidence game is attributed to gypsy fortune tellers?
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Boojo (p257)
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How does a Ponzi scheme work?
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The perpetrator convinces people to invest in a false product, then pays later investors from the money of early investors (p258)
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__ are criminal acts committed for ideological purposes
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political crimes (p326)
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The __ were the first occasion on which defeated war leaders were held responsible in an international legal area for activities that had been
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Nuremberg trials (p328)
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True/False: There is no single, undisputed definition of terrorism
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true (p345)
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True/False: Most terrorist leaders are from impoverished backgrounds
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false (p347)
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Government officials or their agents have typically justified their political crimes using the doctrine of
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reason d'etat, reason of state (p355)
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Sub rosa crime is:
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espionage (p341)
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The field that attempts to define, explain, and predict criminal behavior is known as
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criminology (p1)
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Which of the following is an example of a person violating a folkway?
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Johnny was eating dinner at a friend's house and openly expressed distaste for the meal being served (p3)
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The primary source of official crime statistics in the U.S. is the annual __ published by the FBI
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UCR (p25)
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The crime __ is a calculation that expresses the total number of index crimes per 100,000 population
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rate (p30)
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The terrible triad predicts:
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serial murder (p215)
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Which of the following refers to the victim's role in their own victimization?
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victim precipitation (p218)
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According to Conklin's typology of robberies, the most common were
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opportunist robber (p230)
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Types of vandalism:
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vindictive - expression of hatred; swastikas on synagogue (p244) wanton - destructive acts that have no purpose and produce no monetary gain predatory - destructive acts for gain; destroying vending machines to steal contents
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"Paper hangers"
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pass bad checks and documents (p253)
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"Political crime" based on
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ideological motivation (p326)
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Which con involves the paying off of early investors with money received from later investors of a false product?
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Ponzi scheme (p258)
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Different between types of terrorism
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limited political = ideological/political motives; not part of campaign to capture control of state
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Terrorism with lack of ideological motivation
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quasi-terrorism (p345)
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True/False: Politically motivated criminals = convictional criminals
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true (p325)
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Driving 26mph in 25mph area=
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Mala prohibita (p8)
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True/False: Nuremberg - cannot be subject for penalty by "following orders"
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false (p328)
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Which of the following crime rates has the highest rate of clearance by arrest
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murder (p219)
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Which of the following is true regarding occupational, organizational, corporate crime in the U.S.?
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These types of crimes have a much greater economic impact than street crimes (p283)
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When labor officials and negotiators secretly make a deal with management to the disadvantage of workers, it is known as:
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a sweetheart contract (p295)
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True/False: Corporate crime refers to personal violations that take place for self-benefit during the course of a legitimate occupation
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false (p282)
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"Salami techniques" are used to do what?
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steal small amounts (slices) from assets of many sources and transfer them into the thief's account (p433)
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Which of the following companies was involved in a well-known environmental disaster?
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Exxon Valdez (p289)
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According to Hagedorn's typology, which of the following types of gang members tend to mature out of gangs?
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Legits (p366)
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According to the United Nations' identification of different types of organized crime organizations, which of the following refers to an association of groups with a single governing body?
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hierarchical conglomerate (p373)
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Which of the following is commonly utilized in money laundering?
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casinos (p374)
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True/False: Organized crime first came to the U.S. with Italian immigrants, as a "Mafia transplant"
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false (p387)
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What are the four myths of street gangs identified by Klein?
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(1) they are highly organized, very cohesive, and have centralized leadership; (2) street gangs are all violent; (3) street gangs control drug distribution in our cities; (4) Los Angeles gangs franchise drug distribution to the rest of the country (p365)
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In prostitution, which of the following is associated with highest amount of prestige?
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call girls (p408)
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Of the following choices, which is least likely to perpetrate incest against a female child?
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father (p415)
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Which of the following refers to the attainment of sexual gratification by means of inflicting pain on others?
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sadism (p413)
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True/False: Most instances of voyeurism are committed as a prelude to more serious sexual attacks
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false (p412)
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What are the stages of alcoholism as identified by Jellinek?
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pre-alcoholic phase, intermediate stage, crucial phase, final/bottom phase (p420)
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Which of the following is not one of Wall's (2001) typology of cybercrime?
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cyberhackers (p431)
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It is estimated that __ percent of computer crimes are committed by "insiders" or employees
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80 (p430)
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In 2006, the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center found that __ was the most popular reported offense
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internet auction fraud (p430)
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__ creates a false (shadow) version of a website that is controlled by the attacker
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web spoofing (p433)
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__ is a view that illegal and potentially dangerous experimentation is a necessary part of the computer training for a creative next generation of hackers
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hacker's ethics (p430)
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Which of Johnson, Golub, and Dunlap's eras of drug crime occurred first?
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heroin (drug, slide 3)
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In 2007, which of the following categories accounted for the highest proportion of costs associated with illicit drug use?
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lost productivity (National Drug Threat Assessment, Slide 3)
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Which of the following groups of the Transnational Criminal Organizations dominates the U.S. wholesale drug trade?
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Mexican Transnational Criminal Organization (National Drug Threat, slide 7)
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According to the National Drug Threat Assessment (2011), the primary gateway for illegal drugs being smuggled into the U.S. is
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the southern border (National Drug Threat, slide 15)
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True/False: Gender is the best predictor of criminality across time and place
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true (gender, slide 3)
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True/False: Gender is a physical, biological characteristic, with a more/less fixes state
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false (gender, slide 8)
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In Daly's typology of women offenders using pathways explanations, which of the following types generally had limited or no criminal record?
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battered women and drug-connected women (Gender, slides 19-20)
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Answer the following question and give 3 points to support your position: Is criminology relevant to public policy?
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NO: Decline of use of scientific methods; Unbridled speculation; Researcher bias and fraud; Funding stream serves to discredit research YES; influence public policy: mass incarceration shown to be bad policy; skill deficits of correctional staff; ineffective programming uses gold standard evaluations (History, slides 16-22)
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Give 3 reasons why we should care about the history of criminology.
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Knowledge of history creates a sense of the field's identity; Molds individual & collective identities; Provides a view of possible futures; Contributes to the sociology of criminological knowledge
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What are Rafter's 3 periods of criminology?
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(1) Exploratory modernism; (2) confident modernism; (3) agnostic modernism (History, slide 7)
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Which of the following occurs when a person actually does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act?
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Victim provocation p92
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In the case of college female sexual victimization, most subsequent incidents happen:
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within the same or one month after the initial incident p91
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An individual is shot while trying to break into a home. Example of:
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victim provocation p92
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Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that victimization is prevented from occurring:
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capable guardianship p95
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The extent to which a victim is responsible for his/her own victimization
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victim precipitation p92
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Occurs when a person/place is victimized more than once by the same type of victimization
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repeat victimization p90
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The idea that the more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized is referred to as
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principle of homogamy p95
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What is the most commonly reported victimization according to NCVS?
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simple assault p83
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True/false: repeat victimization occurs when a person/place has more than 1 victimization of any type
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false, recurring victimization p90
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True/false: example of avoidance behavior is staying home at night
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true p90
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True/false: high income households are more likely to have property victimization
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false, p85
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True/false: those who report being of two or more races are at higher risk of experiencing violent victimization than African Americans, whites, Hispanics
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true, p85
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The view that criminal behavior is ultimately driven by supernatural forces is known as:
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demonology (p111)
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"Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent." This type of practice is known as
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trial by ordeal (p112)
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Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that
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the punishment should fit the crime (p113)
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Jeremy Bentham advocated for "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." The term that refers to this approach is
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utilitarianism (p114)
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Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?
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classical/neoclassicalism (p112)
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Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school be most likely to propose: substance abuse treatment; 3 strikes legislation; social reform; family counseling?
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3 strikes legislation (p118)
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Supports that a criminologist notices that crime rates tend to be higher in warmer climates. This observation is most closely linked to the concept of
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human ecology (p120)
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The "thermic law" of crime argues that crimes against person increase in
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warmer climates (p120)
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Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?
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classical/neoclassical (p118)
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In Marxist literature, which of the following terms is used to refer to the working class?
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proletariat (p123)
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Willem Bonger saw capitalism as causing crime through its promotion of selfish individuality, which is also referred to as:
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egoism (p124)
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True/false: The neoclassical school is primarily concerned with finding effective criminal justice policies, not explaining the causes of crime
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true (p116)
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True/false: hedonism is the view that criminality is biologically inherited
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false (p115); hedonism refers to the "pleasure principle," the assumption that the main purpose in life is to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain
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The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of society is most characteristic of
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positivism
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Which of the following refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality: atavism, palmistry, phrenology, positivism?
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phrenology
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The "law of criminal saturation" refers to the idea that
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crime expands to fit the amount of control machinery applied to it
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The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the
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eugenics movement
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Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose was linked to criminal behavior?
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mesomorph
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The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary US is
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drug treatment
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The theory that criminals are born as such and that they are "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period is known as
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atavism
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In his book The Jukes, author Robert Dugsdale concluded that crime is
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hereditary
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In biological positivism, the idea that "survival of the fittest" is applicable to human society is known as
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social Darwinism
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True/False: present-day biological theorists are working to identify the "crime gene" that they believe to be the source of criminal behavior
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False
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Which term did Emile Durkheim coin to refer to normlessness within society?
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anomie
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Cheating student, but student wanted to do well - which form of adaptation (Merton strain theory)
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innovation
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Which theory proposes that individuals become predisposed to crime because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior?
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differential association theory (p167)
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An adherent of anomie theory would suggest which policy?
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policies to create greater economic opportunities
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Generally speaking, anomie theories focus on crime as a result of
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lack of legitimate opportunities
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The "Chicago School" is associated with which of the following?
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urban ecology
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An offender arrested for drug use state "but I'm not hurting anyone else" this is reflective of which technique of neutralization:
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denial of harms
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True/False: according to anomie/strain theory, individuals who accept traditional goals but reject the accepted means of achieving them are known as rebels
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false
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True/False: according to Durkheim, development of modern urban-industrial societies has resulted in changing norms, confusion, and lessened social control over the individual
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true
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What are 2 major theoretical differences in crime causation between Merton's classical strain theory and Agnew's general strain theory?
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(1) classical- caused by dysfunction between cultural goals and means of achieving them (2) general - allows for wider variety of strains (3) crime results from personality adaptation to strain in classical (4) resolve negative emotions in general
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According to containment theory, having a strong support system in one's family would constitute which of the following?
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outer containment
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An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing to lose" This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?
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commitment
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An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing better to do with his time" This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?
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involvement
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The idea that delinquents exist "in a limbo between convention and crime" is consistent with which of the following theories?
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drift theory
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The proposal that crime is rooted in low self-control and the pursuit of self-interest is consistent with which of the following theories?
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general theory of crime
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How does power control-theory explain the gender differences in criminality?
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boys are exposed to fewer parental controls
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Which of the following is characteristic of mainstream criminology?
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a consensus worldview
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Which of the following is characteristic of conflict criminology?
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a willingness to question the existing social order
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Labeling theory is based on which concept?
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symbolic interactionism
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Which of the following is used by labeling theory to refer to an agent/official who is concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance?
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moral entrepreneur
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In labeling theory, "secondary deviance" is used to refer to crimes that
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occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled
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Androcentric bias refers to the tendency to
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overemphasize the male experience, while overlooking the experience of females
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Which of the following refers to the proposal that female crime would increase as women assumed more assertive positions in society?
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liberation thesis
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Which of the following brings together criminology with a transcendental/ religious approach as it seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders in the community?
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peacemaking
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Which of the following is focused on translating radical ideas into realistic social policy?
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left realism
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Which of the following approaches is known for questioning the way in which knowledge is constituted and for acknowledging the significance of language in shaping reality?
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postmodernism
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Which of the following names capitalism and inequality as being the root of crime?
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Marxist criminology
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Which theory centers on the argument that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been identified as such by others?
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labeling theory
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Which of the following refers to the attempt to apply specific theoretical explanations to offenders of crime?
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global fallacy
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True/false: critical criminology is consistent with a consensus worldview
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False
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True/false: critical criminology focuses more on the criminalization of behavior than on the criminal behavior itself
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true
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True/false: life course theories attempt to explain both the onset and desistance of criminal behavior
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true
