CRJ 102 Midterm – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
The belief that science can provide answers for everything is most characteristic of the _____ school of thought.
answer
Positivist
question
According to Thomas Sowell's typology, those who have a/an _____vision deny an innate human nature, viewing human activities as formed anew in each different culture.
answer
Unconstrained vision
question
Universally condemned crimes are known as _____.
answer
Mala in se
question
In the eyes of the law, a person reneging on a contract is handled as a _____.
answer
Private wrong
question
_____ criminologists tend to believe that the only real cause of crime is capitalism.
answer
Marxist
question
Which of the following is an example of a direct cost of crime?
answer
Salaries and benefits of personnel
question
The _____ school of thought emphasizes human rationality and free will in its explanations of criminal behavior.
answer
Classical
question
Lombroso's theory of the born criminal was aligned with which school of thought?
answer
Positivist
question
Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost of crime?
answer
The expense of private surveillance and security devices
question
During the Progressive Era (from about 1890 to 1920), _____ became the primary disciplinary home of criminology
answer
Sociology
question
True or False? Prostitution is an act that would be considered mala in se.
answer
False
question
True or False? Criminality is the scientific study of crime and criminals.
answer
False
question
True or False? The emotional pain and suffering experienced by crime victims is easy to quantify.
answer
False
question
True or False? The unconstrained vision denies the existence of an innate human nature, instead holding that human nature is formed anew in each different culture.
answer
True
question
True or False? The 1990s and early 2000s witnessed a strong resurgence of biosocial theories, which view behavior as the result of biological factors interacting with the environments of the actors involved.
answer
True
question
Your professor believes that one of the most important skills to develop in higher education is our ability to continually examine, form, and reform our worldviews based on available theory and evidence.
answer
True
question
One of the main characteristics that differs among the schools of criminology is their assumptions about human nature.
answer
True
question
Which of the following was NOT identified as one of the key elements of a formal argument? a. A primary claim with supporting theory and evidence b. A counter-claim with supporting theory and evidence c. Policy implications of the argument d. How to get a new policy enacted
answer
How to get a new policy enacted
question
Both ideological and evidence-informed decision-making rely heavily on the use of empirical data (i.e., findings from systematic research studies).
answer
False
question
Which of the following best characterizes the study of Criminal Justice as presented by your professor? a. How the police, courts and corrections should be organized, operated and evaluated b. Different theories that are used to explain why people engage in deviant activity c. The causes, consequences and societal responses to crime and disorder d. None of the above
answer
c. The causes, consequences and societal responses to crime and disorder
question
One of the main reasons it's important for criminal justice majors to learn how to make a strong argument is because your professors believe that evidence-informed views have greater value for justice-professionals than ideologically informed views.
answer
True
question
According to those who research learning processes, it is very difficult to get people to form views to explain why people engage in criminal behavior.
answer
False
question
One of the key aspects of making a strong critical argument is the recognition that your conclusion may need to change with the development of new theory and/or relevant evidence.
answer
True
question
According to CRJ 102 course instructions, if you need to contact the professor by email you can either send a message through her main university account or through the SacCT course email account.
answer
False
question
___________ number of course quizzes will be counted for credit.
answer
10
question
The primary source of official crime statistics in the United States is the annual _______ published by the FBI.
answer
UCR
question
Methamphetamine is most common in which part of the United States?
answer
Western states
question
NIBRS collects crime data from which of the following categories?
answer
Group A and Group B offenses
question
One weakness of NIBRS is that it:
answer
Has not yet been widely adopted by police agencies.
question
One weakness of the NCVS is that it:
answer
Does not provide any statistics on victimless crimes.
question
A criminologist wants to learn about the rates of truancy and smoking among adolescents. To do this, (s)he would be best-served by referencing which of the following sources?
answer
Self-report surveys
question
The hierarchy rule impacts which data source?
answer
UCR
question
If a person is arrested and charged for a Part I offense, the UCR records the crime as _____ by arrest.
answer
Cleared
question
Which of the following is true of the number of crimes reported to police?
answer
Due to unreported crimes, this number is smaller than the number of crimes actually committed.
question
When attempting to understand, predict, and control any social problem, including the crime problem, the first step is to determine its _____.
answer
Extent
question
The hierarchy rule refers to the:
answer
Practice of only reporting the most serious offense committed in a given incident.
question
The official source of crime data that includes detailed information on the circumstances surrounding a criminal incident, including victim and offender characteristics is known as:
answer
NIBRS
question
The term index crime refers to:
answer
Part I offenses on the UCR.
question
True or False? Because all data sources converge on some very important points about crime, they enable us to proceed with at least some confidence in our endeavors to understand the whys of crime.
answer
True
question
True or False? The UCR is the primary source of official crime statistics in the United States.
answer
True
question
True or False? Because NCVS only surveys households, crimes committed against commercial establishments are not included.
answer
True
question
True or False? The UCR report provides both crime trends and the reasons behind them.
answer
False
question
True or False? Females tend to be more honest than males in their responses to self-report surveys.
answer
True
question
True or False? Part II offenses are all universally condemned mala in se offenses.
answer
False
question
Certain predispositional factors may be linked to "anti-social" behavior such as excessive or inappropriate displays of which of the following: a. Aggression b. Violence c.Impulsivity d. All of the above
answer
d. All of the above
question
Institutions of socialization were defined as those social structures and processes that teach us how to think of ourselves and treat others.
answer
True
question
Interactions between nurture and nature can either enhance or inhibit the potential for positive or negative behavior to emerge.
answer
True
question
Which of the following was NOT identified as a major institution of socialization?
answer
The civil courts
question
Which of three strategies examined in the 2014 Philadelphia "hot spots" policing experiment were found to be most effective?
answer
Strategies that focused on repeat violent offenders
question
In her TED talk titled "Smart Statistics" Anne Milgram found that it's better to base criminal justice decision-making on crime data, and do our best to completely eliminate the use of discretion.
answer
False
question
The New York City Inspector General's assessment of "quality-of-life" policing practices in the city found strong empirical evidence to support a link between arrests for minor offenses and a drop in felony crime.
answer
False
question
Until recently, the _____ was the forgotten party in the criminal justice system.
answer
Victim
question
Which of the following is not an occupation most at risk for workplace violence?
answer
Postal worker
question
The shock, anger, and depression that typically afflicts a rape victim is known as:
answer
Rape trauma syndrome
question
Girls are most likely to be molested by _____.
answer
Family members
question
Some victims describe _____ as the rape of their home.
answer
Burglary
question
___________ are likely to be attractive targets for crime because they can be victimized with little chance of legal consequences.
answer
Offenders
question
Victim precipitation theory is most contentious when it is applied to _____.
answer
Rape
question
The worse consequences for most crime victims are _____.
answer
Psychological
question
Which of the following are the most likely to get killed on the job?
answer
Correctional Officers
question
Violent victimization and violent offending share many of the same
answer
Risk factors
question
A British study of burglary victims found that ____ percent reacted with anger.
answer
65%
question
Which of the following decreases individuals risk of victimization? Aging. Being married. Increasing household income. All of the above.
answer
All of the above
question
Which of the following is the safest job category?
answer
University Professors
question
Victim precipitation theory:
answer
Maintains that by acting in certain provocative ways some individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their victimization.
question
The strongest single predictor that girls will be molested during childhood is:
answer
Presence of a stepfather.
question
Those who work _____ are at a higher risk for on-the-job victimization. Alone At night With money All of the above
answer
All of the above
question
_____ are at the highest risk of victimization for aggravated assault.
answer
Blacks
question
True or False? The risk factors for victimization are basically the same as the risk factors for victimizing in terms of gender, race, age, SES, personal characteristics, and neighborhood.
answer
True
question
True or False? Traditional bullying includes anything designed to hurt sent by electronic means.
answer
False
question
True or False? Seriously violent delinquents are more likely to be violently victimized than non-delinquents.
answer
True
question
True or False? Most victimization is random and unpredictable.
answer
False
question
True or False? According to research by DeVoe et al (2012), bullying seems not all that prevalent with only 26.5% of students reporting being victims of bullying.
answer
True
question
True or False? Until fairly recently, victims were the forgotten party in the criminal justice system.
answer
True
question
Rational choice theory is most closely linked to the _____ school.
answer
Classical
question
_____ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.
answer
Hedonistic calculus
question
_____ is the prevention of criminal acts by the use or threat of punishment.
answer
Deterrence
question
Engaging in a debate about the death penalty, one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders, it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense. This is most clearly representative of the _____ school of criminology.
answer
Italian
question
_____ is a concept in rational choice theory referring to how people decide to offend.
answer
Choice structuring
question
_____ specifically refers to the concept that people have the capacity to make choices, and the moral responsibility to make moral choices regardless of any constraints that might exist.
answer
Human Agency
question
The 8th Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment; this is most closely aligned with the ideas of which of the following?
answer
Cesare Beccaria
question
The doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life is known as:
answer
Hedonism
question
The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as:
answer
The principle of utility.
question
According to Raffael Garofalo, societies can only be protected from _____ criminals by swiftly executing them, regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.
answer
Extreme
question
True or False? Social defense theorists view crime in terms of Bentham's principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
answer
False
question
True or false? Balance, if on the side of pleasure, will give the general evil tendency of the act.
answer
False
question
True or False? Routine activities theory looks at crime from the points of view of both the offender and of crime prevention efforts.
answer
True
question
True or False? Beccaria believed that capital punishment could not be an effective deterrent and that life imprisonment would be more effective.
answer
True
question
Views of crime causation grounded in concept of "determinism"
answer
positivist
question
Tends to hold a more "liberal" view of crime and criminality
answer
positivist
question
Views grounded in concept of "free-will
answer
Classical
question
Strong belief in role of criminal justice system to promote human growth and development
answer
Integral
question
Views humans as operating from different stages of consciousness
answer
Integral
question
Strong belief in value of uniform punishment for those convicted of same crimes
answer
Classical
question
Stresses importance of examining dependent variable from multiple perspectives
answer
Integral
question
Attempts to combine insights from both liberal and conservative perspectives
answer
Integral
question
_____ refers to the breakdown of the power of informal community rules to regulate conduct.
answer
Social disorganization
question
Building on the work of Shaw and McKay, Robert Sampson has suggested that _____ is effective at reducing crime.
answer
Increasing collective efficacy
question
Even though Johnny realizes that he will never reach the economic and occupational success of which he once dreamed, he continues to go to work each day and diligently complete the tasks assigned to him. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?
answer
Ritualism
question
Walter Miller suggested that _____ is/are part of a value system and lifestyle that has emerged from the realities of life on the bottom rung of society.
answer
Focal Concerns
question
According to Cloward and Ohlin, individuals who are born into an established and organized delinquent subculture join_____ gangs.
answer
Criminal
question
How would a social disorganization theorist explain the crime of bank robbery?
answer
The offender must have come from a community that lacked informal social controls.
question
Which mode of adaptation is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them?
answer
Retreatism
question
A high school student steals money from a classmate's locker. How would institutional anomie theory account for this crime?
answer
The offender was influenced by America's strong cultural emphasis on economic success.
question
According to Cohen, difficulty adjusting to middle-class measuring rods can lead to:
answer
Status Frustration
question
According to the tenets of institutional anomie theory, which of the following would be a useful policy goal?
answer
Reduce the role of economic factors in other social institutions such as the family.
question
True or False? The main argument of "opportunity structure theory" is that crime is inherent to the values of American culture.
answer
False
question
True or False? Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delinquents always came from the same neighborhood regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods.
answer
True
question
True or False? According to Agnew, we all experience multiple strains throughout our lives, but the impact of strain differs according to its magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering
answer
True
question
True or False? In socially disorganized neighborhoods, a large majority of residents engage in serious crime.
answer
False
question
True or False? According to Strain Theory, strain results from negative emotions that arise from negative relationships with others and may lead to crime.
answer
True
question
True or False? According to strain theory, individuals who accept traditional goals, but reject the accepted means of achieving them, are known as rebels.
answer
False
question
True or False? Structural theorists are interested in seeking the social causes of crime rates, rather than why particular individuals commit crime.
answer
True
question
True or False? According to Cohen, lower-class youth desire approval and status, but because they cannot meet middle-class criteria, they become frustrated.
answer
True
question
According to the Integral Justice school of thought, policies and programs that have explicitly addressed a greater number of perspectives on the issue under review are likely to produce more effective results than those which have addressed fewer perspectives.
answer
True
question
"Bounded rationality" refers to the idea that people have free-will, but it is bounded by their socialization and pre-dispositional factors.
answer
True
question
Which statement best defines the concept of "epigenetics" as presented in class materials?
answer
The influence of environment on the expression of genes.
question
Interactions between nurture and nature can either enhance or inhibit the potential for positive or negative behavior to emerge.
answer
True
question
One of the key aspects of making a strong critical argument is the recognition that your conclusion may need to change with the development of new theory and/or relevant evidence.
answer
True
question
According to the Differential Justice Theory presented in the video clip, the poor are often able to avoid being labeled "deviant" since people with more resources often see their behavior as "normal for their class."
answer
False
question
Which of the following points were NOT discussed in the video clip on "Neighborhood Safety & Crime"?
answer
Although neighborhoods can have different crime rates, individual demographic characteristics explain more of the variation in these rates
question
_____ argues that an individual's propensity for crime is largely determined during childhood as a result of incompetent parenting, and tends to persist thereafter.
answer
Self-control theory
question
Which of the following is one of the four elements of the social bond according to Hirschi? Attachment Commitment Belief All of the Above
answer
All of the above are elements of the social bond.
question
Differential association theory is the brainchild of criminologist _____.
answer
Edwin Sutherland
question
Which of the following social control variables was found to be significantly and positively related to criminal behavior?
answer
Attachment to peers
question
_____ is a perspective on learning that asserts that behavior is governed and shaped by consequences.
answer
Operant psychology
question
_____ takes place when a person is induced or forced to act according to the values of the given society, whether it is in accordance with his or her own interests or not.
answer
Social control
question
According to __________ theory, individuals develop internalized definitions that are favorable or unfavorable toward violating the law.
answer
Differential association
question
_____ shifts the focus from the actor (the criminal) to the reactor (i.e., the criminal justice system) in exploring the causes of crime.
answer
Labeling theory
question
Which of the following provides an explanation for how people learn to commit crime from those around them?
answer
Differential association theory
question
A major criticism of _________ theory is that it is a general theory meant to explain all crime.
answer
Self-control
question
_____ stimuli are presented before a behavior occurs, and then has an impact on that behavior's likelihood of being repeated.
answer
Discriminative
question
The view that offenders are risk-taking, oriented to the present, and lacking in patience, is most representative of which theory?
answer
Self-control theory
question
_____ refers to the acceptance of social norms regulating conduct.
answer
Belief
question
According to Lemert, _____ deviance is deviance that results from society's reaction to offender's initial nonconforming behavior.
answer
Secondary
question
Frank Tannenbaum referred to the process of labeling a person criminal as _____:
answer
The dramatizing of evil
question
Which of the following was used to measure the adult social bond?
answer
Attachment to parents
question
According to differential association theory, ___________ become favorable to law violation according to the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of exposure to them.
answer
Definitions
question
True or False? Neutralization theory suggests that offenders are completely detached from conventional norms
answer
False
question
True or False? According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, levels of self-control fluctuate substantially throughout the life course
answer
False
question
True or False? Social process theorists believe that if we wish to understand social behavior, we have to understand how individuals subjectively perceive their social reality.
answer
True
question
True or False? Labeling theory argues that processing law violators through the criminal justice system may actually embed individuals further into a criminal lifestyle, rather than having a deterrent effect.
answer
True
question
True or False? Differential association theory asserts that differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
answer
True
question
True or False? According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory, low self-control is sufficient to account for criminal offending.
answer
False
question
_____ justice is a system of mediation and conflict resolution that is focused on repairing the harm that has been caused by crime.
answer
Restorative
question
________ criminology urges us to make peace on crime.
answer
Peacemaking
question
_____ criminology argues that an overemphasis on punishing criminals serves to escalate rather than decrease violence.
answer
Peacemaking
question
In Marxist theory, which of the following terms was used to refer to the oppressed working class?
answer
Proletariat
question
The _________ hypothesis argues that the woman's liberation movement has generated efforts by women to free themselves from the power of men, but by doing so they have freed men from their traditional roles as providers.
answer
Economic marginalization
question
Johnny owns a factory with several employees. In Marxist thought, he would best be identified as a member of the _____.
answer
Bourgeoisie
question
A major critique of _____ theory is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala in se crimes.
answer
Conflict
question
Peacemaking criminology advocates _____ in response to crime.
answer
Restorative justice
question
A pattern of justice, which emphasizes treating women offenders as though they were men in the name of equal justice, is sometimes referred to as:
answer
Vengeful equity
question
The _____ perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism, conflict, and feminist theories.
answer
Critical
question
_____ focused on social life as a continual struggle to maintain or improve one's group interests, with interest groups continually forming and disbanding as conflicts arise and are resolved.
answer
George Vold
question
Freda Adler suggested that as females increasingly adopt male roles in society, they will become as crime-prone as men, in what is known as the ____ hypothesis.
answer
Masculinization
question
_____ is a condition that entails the estrangement or distancing of individuals from something, such as another person, society in general, or the products of their labor.
answer
Alienation
question
________ means focusing on the ways in which the definition of the crime problem and criminal justice practices support patriarchal practices and worldviews.
answer
Theorizing patriarchy and crime
question
One of the central concepts in Marxist thought is that _____ underlie(s) people's knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.
answer
The material conditions of life
question
The _____ problem refers to the question of whether traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women.
answer
Minority power groups
question
True or False? Restorative justice brings victims and offenders together to negotiate a mutually satisfactory way of correcting the wrong that has been committed.
answer
True
question
True or False? The gender--ratio problem asks the question: do traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women?
answer
False
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New