question

The view of Human nature (Classical School)

answer

hedonistic; free-willed rationality, morally responsible for own behavior.

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The view of Human nature (Positive School)

answer

malleable; determined by biological, psychological, and social environment; no moral responsibility; consensus-oriented.

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View of justice system (Classical School)

answer

social contract; exist to protect society; due process and concern with civil rights; restrictions on system.

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View of justice system (Positive School)

answer

scientific treatment system to cure pathologies and rehabilitate offenders; no concern with civil rights.

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Form of law (Classical School)

answer

statutory law; exact specification of illegal acts and sanctions.

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Form of law (Positive School)

answer

social law; illegal acts defined by analogy; scientific experts determine social harm and proper form of treatment.

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Purpose of sentencing (Classical School)

answer

punishment for deterrence; sentences are determinate (fixed length).

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Purpose of sentencing (Positive School)

answer

treatment and reform; sentences are indeterminate (variable length until cured).

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Criminological experts (Classical School)

answer

philosophers; social reformers.

question

Criminological experts (Positive School)

answer

scientists; treatment experts.

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Lombroso's criminal classifications- born criminal (Atavistic)

answer

an individual who is born with a genetic predilection toward criminality. commit crime due to atavistic influences and degenerative genetics. approximately one-third of the criminal population.

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Lombroso's criminal classifications- insane criminal

answer

could be an imbecile or have an affected brain and is unable to distinguish right or wrong.

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Lombroso's criminal classifications- criminals by passion

answer

react in the heat of the moment; emotional; victim of some perceived injustice.

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Lombroso's criminal classifications- occasional criminals

answer

do not seek the occasion for the crime but are drawn into it or fall into it easily.

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Under the Occasional, there are four subtypes: 1. criminaloids

answer

of weak nature and easily swayed by others.

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Under the Occasional, there are four subtypes: 2. epileptoids

answer

suffers from epilepsy... Lombroso believed that "although all born criminals are epileptics, not all epileptics are necessarily born criminals."

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Under the Occasional, there are four subtypes: 3. psuedo-criminals

answer

those who commit crime by "accident."

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Under the Occasional, there are four subtypes: 4. habitual criminals

answer

those whose occupation is crime.

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Under the Occasional, there are four subtypes:This one the fifth was added later 5. born female offender

answer

is fewer in number than the males, but are much more ferocious

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Positivist tended to

answer

be scientist, mathematicians, doctors, and astronomers. they used scientific exploration and discovery in efforts to order and explain the world around them.

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how did positivist see behavior

answer

as determined by its biological, psychological and social traits and characteristics.

question

What are the primary characteristics of the positive school

answer

1. a deterministic view of the world; 2. a focus on criminal behavior instead of on legal issues such as rights; 3. the prevention of crime through the treatment and rehabilitation of offenders- to fix them or cure them.

question

The use of what methods were used to collect data and to describe and explain different types of individuals and the different social conditions that existed.

answer

scientific research techniques and scientific analysis or the scientific method, which consist of 1. observation, 2. comparison, and 3. experimentation.

question

Most of the system of analysis that constitutes sociological positivism today was developed by

answer

auguste comte, a 19th century french philosopher and social scientist who is credited with being the "father of sociology."

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auguste comte "father of sociology," was

answer

impressed with the discovery of the physical scientist and suggested that we should study human behavior and society using the same methods that the physical scientist used; the scientific methods.

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During the 1800's or 19th century people were less concerned with

answer

government, they focused more attention on social rather than political problems.

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During the 1800's or 19th century science

answer

was being applied more frequently in everyday life

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During the 1800's or 19th century criminals were

answer

viewed as individuals who were not as fully evolved as more civilized people.

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Definition of positivism

answer

is "an approach that studies human behavior through the use of traditional scientific method. this includes systematic observation, the accumulation of evidence and objective fact, and a deductive framework."

question

positivist theorist could study human behavior from a

answer

biological, psychological, or sociological perspectives.

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What is the trademark of the biological approach to criminological explanation

answer

the idea that crime is "in the blood", that certain criminal behavior are inherited.

question

How long has the biological explanation of crime appeared

answer

since the 16th century. however the biological explanation for crime did not become fully established until the late 1800's.

question

Who were the three Italian writers that were credited with founding the modern, positivist school of criminological thought

answer

Cesare Lombroso- considered the father of modern criminology; his two pupils- Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo, who was credited for coining the term "criminology in 1885."

question

who was Cesare Lombroso

answer

the father of modern criminology 1835-1909. no other name in the history of criminology is praised and attacked.

question

Cesare Lombroso was the second of

answer

five children to jewish parents, lived in one of the few cities in italy where jewish boys were allowed to attend public school.

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Cesare Lombroso after graduation from college he

answer

volunteered for medical service during peace time in the army.

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Cesare Lombroso began systematic measurement and observation of 3,000 soldiers

answer

looking to analyze and express metrically the physical differences which he had noted among the inhabitante of the various regions of italy.

question

Cesare Lombroso failed to include which step in the scientific method

answer

comparison of non soldiers

question

Cesare Lombroso in 1800's from his experimentation of soldiers came up with this about tattooing

answer

tattooing as characteristic of a criminal.

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Cesare Lombroso was a doctor of

answer

medicine, and psychiatry and surgery.

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Cesare Lombroso was at one time in-charge of

answer

the insane at various hospitals throughout italy.

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Cesare Lombroso founded

answer

the museum of criminal anthropology in 1906

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Cesare Lombroso in 1876 published a book titled

answer

the criminal man, in which he explained criminal behavior on the basis of biological characteristics and heredity.

question

Cesare Lombroso took credit for the term

answer

born criminal which was coined by his student Enrico Ferri, and used various physiological and cranial measurements of known criminals to identify born criminals.

question

Cesare Lombroso pointed out that criminals have

answer

multiple physical abnormalities of an atavistic or degenerative nature.

question

Define atavism

answer

the reappearance of a characteristic after several generations of absence usually caused by the chance recombination of genes. the return of a trait or previous behavior after a period of absence.

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Cesare Lombroso stated that these physical inferiorities

answer

characterized a biological throwback to a more primitive man.

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Cesare Lombroso believed that criminals could be distinguished

answer

from noncriminals by a variety of what he termed physical stigmata.

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Cesare Lombroso said that the stigmata themselves

answer

did not cause criminal behavior, rather they were "visible indicators of a personality

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Cesare Lombroso said that the biological throwbacks would

answer

inevitably be contrary to the rules and expectations of modern civilized society.

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Cesare Lombroso suggested various specific stigmata or visible physical abnormalities and suggested that

answer

the possession of five or more of these stigmata indicate atavism which subsequently lead to criminality.

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Cesare Lombroso's four main classes of criminals:

answer

1. born criminals, 2. criminals by passion, 3. the insane criminal, 4. occasional criminal, 5. the female offender( later in his life he added this one).

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Cesare Lombroso, eventually was forced to concede that

answer

socioenvironmental factors influenced crime.

question

socioenvironmental factors influenced crime are

answer

religion, banking, gender, marriage, criminal law, climate, rainfall, and taxation.

question

Cesare Lombroso, by the time he passed away had shifted from being a biological theorist to

answer

being an environmental theorist.

question

Cesare Lombroso's main ideas were eventually disapproved because he left out

answer

comparison.

question

Enrico Ferri, an italian, and a student of Cesare Lombroso, was born and died

answer

1856-1929

question

Enrico Ferri believed there were how many types of criminals

answer

five

question

Enrico Ferri's first publication was his dissertation entitled

answer

criminal sociology in 1878

question

Enrico Ferri was a highly successful

answer

trial lawyer

question

Enrico Ferri was italy's greatest

answer

contemporary forensic orator

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Enrico Ferri was a member of the

answer

parliament

question

Enrico Ferri was the editor of a

answer

socialist newspaper

question

Enrico Ferri was a public

answer

lecturer

question

Enrico Ferri was a university

answer

professor

question

Enrico Ferri was founder of

answer

a great legal journal

question

Enrico Ferri was even more receptive to

answer

environmental and social influences that cause crime than was Lombroso. he still relied on biological factors, too.

question

Enrico Ferri suggested that the cause of crime

answer

1. physical, 2. anthropological, 3. social

question

Define Anthropological

answer

age, gender, psychology, etc.

question

Define Physical

answer

race, climate, geographic location, etc.

question

Define social

answer

population density, religion, customs, economic conditions, etc.

question

Enrico Ferri's own list of important contributions

answer

1. demonstration that the concept of freedom of will has no place in criminal law, 2. social defense is the purpose of criminal justice, 3. three types of factors in crime causation; a.) physical, b.) anthropological, and c.) social. 4. classification of criminals in five classes, 5. motivation as basis for sanctions, 6. demand that farm colonies be substituted for isolation cells for prisoners during the day, 7. indeterminate sentence instead of fixed terms of institutionalization, 8. demand that hospitals for criminal insane be established, 9. abolition the jury ( replace by panels of scientific experts such as doctors and psychiatrists), 10. crime must be studied in the offender, 11. coined the term "born criminal."

question

Enrico Ferri's five scientific classes of criminals

answer

1. born or instinctive criminal, 2. insane criminal, 3. passional criminal, 4. occasional criminal, 5. habitual criminal.

question

Enrico Ferri's anticlassical ideas cost him much;

answer

1. University positions, 2. position in the mussolini's fascist regime, 3. social reformer- crime prevention was primary platform, 4. always stood in clear opposition to traditional "classical" criminal jurisprudence, 5. never believed that free will had a place in criminal justice.

question

biological theory

answer

a theory that maintains that the basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically based and often inherited.

question

born criminal

answer

an individual who is born with a genetic predilection toward criminality.

question

criminaloids

answer

a term used by cesare lombroso to describe the occasional criminal who is enticed into criminality primarily by environmental influences.

question

ectomorphic

answer

a body type originally described as very tall, lean, flat chested thin and fragile, with long, slender, poorly muscled extremities and delicate bones. Inhibited, introverted, brainy, artistic, also exhibiting no particular tendency toward crime or delinquency.

question

endomorphic

answer

a body type originally described as heavy, soft and round in shape or overweight. Their temperaments tend to be relaxed, sociable, fond of eating, comfort-loving, submissive, with little interest in physical activity or adventure and exhibiting no particular tendency toward crime or delinquency.

question

eugenics

answer

the study of hereditary improvement by genetic control.

question

genetic determinism

answer

the belief that genes are the major determining factor in human behavior.

question

juke family

answer

a well-known "criminal family" studied by richard l dugdale.

question

mesomorphic

answer

a body type described as athletic, strong, active, aggressive, self-assertive, energetic, courageous, daring, heavy-chested and muscular. This type is most likely to engage in criminal and delinquent behavior (twice as common among delinquents as they are among the general population).

question

phrenology

answer

the study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior.

question

somatotyping

answer

the classification of human beings into types according to body build and other physical characteristics. A review of biological theories of crime concluded that empirical research has revealed little evidence for the unique temperamental traits that Sheldon ascribed to the three somatotypes.

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supermale

answer

a male individual displaying the xyy chromosome structure.

question

monozygotic

answer

twin one of two twins who develop from the same egg and who carry virtually the same genetic material.

question

dizygotic

answer

twin a twin who develops from a separate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by siblings.

question

criminal anthropology

answer

the scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality.

question

constitutional theory

answer

a theory that explains criminality by reference to offenders' body types, inheritance, genetics, or external observable physical characteristics.

question

behavioral genetics

answer

the study of genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior.

question

antisocial (asocial) personality

answer

An individual who is un-socialized and whose behavior pattern brings him or her into repeated conflict with society.

question

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

answer

A psychological condition exhibited by an individual who is un-socialized and whose behavior pat- tern brings him or her into conflict with society.

question

attachment theory

answer

A social-psychological perspective on delinquent and criminal behavior that holds that the successful development of secure attachment between a child and his or her primary caregiver provides the basic foundation for all future psychological development.

question

Brawner rule

answer

A somewhat vague rule for determining insanity created in the 1972 federal court case of United States v. Brawner (471 F.2d 969), since superseded by statute, that asks the jury to decide whether the defendant could be justly held responsible for the criminal act with which he or she stands charged in the face of any claims of insanity or mental incapacity.

question

conditioning

answer

A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punish- ment, or association with other stimuli.

question

criminal psychology

answer

The application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system;also called forensic psychology.

question

Durham rule

answer

A standard for judging legal insanity that holds that an accused is not criminally responsible if his or her unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect.

question

forensic psychiatry

answer

A branch of psychiatry having to do with the study of crime and criminality.

question

forensic psychology

answer

The application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system;also called criminal psychology.

question

guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)

answer

A find- ing that offenders are guilty of the criminal offense with which they are charged, but be- cause of their prevailing mental condition, they are generally sent to psychiatric hospitals for treatment rather than to prison. Once they have been declared cured, such offenders can be transferred to correctional facilities to serve out their sentences.

question

insanity (legal)

answer

A legally established inability to understand right from wrong or to conform one's behavior to the requirements of the law.

question

insanity (psychological)

answer

A persistent mental disorder.

question

irresistible-impulse test

answer

A standard for judging legal insanity that holds that a defendant is not guilty of a criminal offense if the person, by virtue of his or her mental state or psychological condition, was not able to resist committing the crime.

question

M'Naughten rule

answer

A standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they not know it was wrong.

question

modeling theory

answer

A form of social learning theory that asserts that people learn how to act by observing others.

question

neurosis

answer

A functional disorder of the mind or of the emotions involving anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behavior.

question

paranoid schizophrenic

answer

A schizophrenic individual who suffers from delusions and hallucinations.

question

psychiatric criminology

answer

Any theory that is derived from the medical sciences, including neurology, and that, like other psychological theories, focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis. Psychiatric theories form the basis of psychiatric criminology. See also forensic psychiatry.

question

psychological profiling

answer

The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide.

question

psychopath

answer

An individual who has a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, and who is lacking in empathy; also called sociopath.

question

psychotherapy

answer

A form of psychiatric treatment based on psychoanalytical principles and techniques.

question

psychosis

answer

A form of mental illness in which sufferers are said to be out of touch with reality.

question

schizophrenic

answer

A mentally ill individual who is out of touch with reality and who suf- fers from disjointed thinking.

question

selective incapacitation

answer

A social policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating the individuals deemed to be the most dangerous.

question

substantial-capacity test

answer

A standard for judging legal insanity that requires that a person lack the mental capacity needed to understand the wrongfulness of his or her act or to conform his or her behavior to the requirements of the law.

question

sociopath

answer

a person with a psychopathic personality whose behavior is antisocial, often criminal, and who lacks a sense of moral responsibility or social conscience.

question

Raffaele Garofalo was born

answer

a member of italian nobility in naples

question

Raffaele Garofalo as an adult

answer

served as a lawyer, prosecutor, and magistrate, and in europe as a judge.

question

Raffaele Garofalo was a profeesor of

answer

criminal law at the university of naples

question

Raffaele Garofalo is known principally in the u s

answer

for his major work "criminology", he is considered the Moral theorists

question

Raffaele Garofalo is credited with coining the phrase

answer

criminology in 1885

question

Raffaele Garofalo early assumptions have since been

answer

placed in serious doubt by subsequent investigations and research

question

Raffaele Garofalo was the most

answer

skeptical of biological explanations of criminal behavior

question

Raffaele Garofalo basically believed

answer

that certain people are "morally less developed than others."

question

Raffaele Garofalo rejected the notion of

answer

freewill and rejected environmental causes of criminal behavior

question

Raffaele Garofalo developed a

answer

sociological definition of crime that it was universal

question

Raffaele Garofalo did not endorse lombroso's theory of

answer

atavism (born criminal)

question

Raffaele Garofalo offered instead an explanation of

answer

"natural crime."

question

Raffaele Garofalo's natural crime consist of that

answer

conduct which offends the basic moral sentiments of pity (revulsion against the voluntary infliction of suffering on others) and probity (respect for property rights of others). he attaches biology to this.

question

Raffaele Garofalo's philosophy is this

answer

based on darwinism principle called adaptation, he argues that criminals who are unable to adapt to society and who thereby feel morally free to offend, should be eliminated, consistent with natures evolutionary process.

question

Raffaele Garofalo's theories are

answer

1. Advanced the concept of psychic or moral anomalies, 2. anomalies were hereditary transmissible and established by unimpeachable evidence, 3. relegated external factors such as environment and social influences to secondary levels of importance, 4. skeptical of economic distress as a cause of crime, and 5. stressed the importance of sound family environment and religious instruction as crime prevention measures.

question

Raffaele Garofalo's 4 basic criminal types are

answer

1. the murderer, 2. the violent criminal, 3. the lascivious criminal (sex offender)

question

Define Raffaele Garofalo's : the murderer

answer

the man in whom altruism is wholly lacking the sentiments of both pity and probity are absent, and such a criminal will steal or kill as the occasion arises

question

Define Raffaele Garofalo's : the thief and violent offender

answer

lessor offenders fall into two major groups; the violent offender who is characterized by lack of pity and (indicated by a lack of probity). such offenders are committed by a small minority of the population. The violent offender may also commit crimes of passion, sometimes under the influence of alcohol. such crimes are indicative of inferior innate moral capacities. certain environments contribute to crimes against property such as two or three evil companions

question

Define Raffaele Garofalo's : the lascivious offender

answer

are a groups of sexual offenders whose conduct is characterized less by the absence of the sentiment of pity than by a low level of moral energy and deficient moral perception.

question

The modern positive theories in

answer

the 1800's, was brought to the u s

question

eugenics is

answer

the study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding. since the 1870's americans had been calling for eugenics measures, according to which a nation could save its stock from degeneration by rejecting the unfit, preventing their reproduction, and encouraging the fit to procreate. a good example is hitler.

question

who was richard dugdale

answer

he wrote a book called the jukes- a study of crime, pauperism, and hereditary, published in 1877. he examined a family of dutch ancestry that had in whom he called the jukes. this family had criminals in it for six generations, ada, known as the mother of criminals had given rise to 1000 descendents over a period of 75 years.

question

charles goring in 1901

answer

was an english prison official who sought to test lombroso's theory that offenders had certain physical defects. he added the comparison step that lombroso left out of his study, and found no significant difference between offenders and groups from the general population in skull shape, eye color, hair color, or various other physical traits. he did find what he thought was a real difference in height and weight with offenders being shorter and lighter than nonoffenders.. he found lombroso's research to be unscientific and his own conclusions have been accepted by most modern day criminologists.

question

ernest hooton was an

answer

american anthropologist who worked on crime causation during the 1930'2, did not agree with goring's conclusion and in fact, criticized going's research. he in 1939 indicated that criminals are inferior to civilians in nearly all thier bodily measurements. he believed "the inferiority (probably) is due to heredity and not to situation or circumstance. he failed to give a clear meaning of the idea of "physical inferiority or how it might lead to criminal behavior.

question

anomie

answer

A social condition in which norms are uncertain or lacking.

question

Chicago School of criminology

answer

An ecological approach to explaining crime that ex- amines how social disorganization contributes to social pathology.

question

conduct norm

answer

A shared expectation of a social group relative to personal conduct.

question

cultural transmission theory (Shaw and McKay developed)

answer

The idea that delinquency is transmitted through successive generations of people living in an area through the same process of social communication as languages, roles, and attitudes are transmitted.

question

culture conflict theory (Thorsten Sellin)

answer

A sociological perspective on crime that suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior; also called cultural deviance theory.

question

ecological theory

answer

A type of sociological approach that emphasizes demographics (the characteristics of population groups) and geographic s (the mapped location of such groups relative to one another) and that sees the social disorganization that characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization.

question

human ecology

answer

The interrelationship be- tween human beings and the physical and cultural environments in which they live.

question

reaction formation

answer

The process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve.

question

social disorganization

answer

A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture,maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.

question

social disorganization theory

answer

A perspective on crime and deviance that sees society as a kind of organism and crime and deviance as a kind of disease or social pathology.Theories of social disorganization are often associated with the perspective of social ecology and with the Chicago School of criminology, which developed during the 1920s and 1930s.

question

social ecology

answer

An approach to criminological theorizing that attempts to link the structure and organization of a human community to interactions with its localized environment.

question

social process

answer

The interaction between and among social institutions, individuals, and groups.

question

social structure

answer

The pattern of social organization and the interrelationships among institutions characteristic of a society.

question

social structure theory

answer

A theory that explains crime by reference to some aspect of the social fabric. These theories emphasize relationships among social institutions and describe the types of behavior that tend to characterize groups of people rather than individuals.

question

sociological theory

answer

A perspective that focuses on the nature of the power relationships that exist between social groups and on the influences that various social phenomena bring to bear on the types of behaviors that tend to characterize groups of people.

question

strain theory

answer

A sociological approach that posits a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behavior; also called anomie theory.

question

subculture

answer

A collection of values and preferences that is communicated to subcultural participants through a process of socialization.

question

technique of neutralization

answer

A culturally available justification that can provide criminal offenders with the means to disavow responsibility for their behavior.

question

criminal career

answer

The longitudinal sequence of crimes committed by an individual offender.

question

differential association

answer

The sociological thesis that criminality, like any other form of behavior, is learned through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values.

question

labeling theory

answer

An interactionist perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders; also called social reaction theory.

question

primary deviance

answer

The initial deviance of- ten undertaken to deal with transient problems in living.

question

secondary deviance

answer

Any deviant behavior that results from official labeling and from association with others who have been so labeled.

question

social control theory

answer

A perspective that predicts that when social constraints on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges. Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behavior, social control theory asks why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them.

question

social process

answer

The interaction between and among social institutions, individuals, and groups.

question

social learning theory

answer

A perspective that places primary emphasis on the role of communication and socialization in the acquisition of learned patterns of criminal behavior and the values that support that behavior; also called learning theory.

question

differential identification theory

answer

An explanation for crime and deviance that holds that people pursue criminal or deviant behavior to the extent that they identify themselves with real or imaginary people from whose perspective their criminal or deviant behavior seems acceptable.

question

William Sheldon of the 40's and Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck of the 50's did the most recent research into the

answer

hereditary and constitutional factors of crime, at different periods in time, they attempted to demonstrate a relationship between certain body types or builds and various aspects of personality.

question

William Sheldon was an

answer

american psychologist and physician, concluded that there was a relationship between certain physical characteristics and temperamental characteristics.

question

William Sheldon's theory was

answer

of somatotypes, or body types, focused on differences among individuals in embryonic development and claims that people with different body types have different temperaments that affect their propensity to engage in crime and delinquency.

question

William Sheldon divided human beings into physical types based on

answer

measurements.

question

William Sheldon's three major body types of physiques are: 1. endomorph, 2. ectomorph, and 3. mesomorph.

answer

1. endomorph- the heavy, soft and round in shape with a temperament of relaxed, sociable, and found of eating, comfort-loving, submissive, with little interest in physical activity or adventure and exhibiting no particular tendency toward crime or delinquency.

question

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck revived interest in who

answer

Sheldon's somatotypes in the 1950's and found pretty much the same results. Again, no causal relationship was established between any physical characteristic and criminal behavior but there was some evidence that the muscular mesomorphic child is more likely to become delinquent than children with other body types. Research exploring the possibility of using body types as a predictive device has been going on for many years but the conclusions so far have been inconclusive.

question

Since the end of World War II, biologist have used various

answer

strategies to test for the possible impact on crime and delinquency of physical traits and inherited characteristics. Some of this research points to explanations of crime and delinquency that might fit better with learning theories developed by psychologists and sociologists.

question

Recent developments in the field of human genetics have led to the study of the role of

answer

chromosomes, and sex-linked chromosomes in particular, in crime causation. The first well-known study of this type was undertaken by Patricia A. Jacobs.

question

Patricia A. Jacobs, was a

answer

British researcher who in the 1960's examined 197 Scottish prisoners for chromosomal abnormalities through a relatively simple blood test known as karyotyping.

question

Normal males have the chromosome make up of the

answer

XY.

question

Nornal female have the chromosome make up of the

answer

XX.

question

Unusual female chromosome are

answer

XXX.

question

Unusual male chromosome are

answer

XXY called klimefelter's syndrome., these men often have male genitalia but are frequently sterile and evidence breast enlargement and intellectual retardation.

question

Another Unusual male chromosome is

answer

XYY, supermale, identified as potentially violent and studies of nearly 200 xyy males tend to show supermales as 6 foot or taller, suffer from acme or skin disorders, have less than average intelligence, are overrepresented in prisons and mental hospitals, come from families with a lower than average history of crime or mental illness.

question

Evidence shows that being a twin is

answer

inconclusive that criminality exist.

question

symbolic interaction theory

answer

developed from a belief that human behavior is the product of purely social symbols communicated between individuals. The Mind and Self are products of the social environment.

question

symbolic interaction theory two central ideas

answer

interaction, a collective action involving more then one person's act, symbolic, the meanings that individuals put to each others actions and reactions.

question

ecological theorists argue that (conflict in society)

answer

environmental conditions in certain places create or encourage crime.

question

cultural theorists observe that (conflict in society)

answer

people from different origins and ethnic groups have distinct cultural heritages.. when these differing cultures try to merge with mainstream, dominant cultures, conflict is likely the result.

question

Thorsten Sellin 1938

answer

swedish born criminologist, not a member of the chicago school, first substantial statement cultural conflict theory.

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Thorsten Sellin's book titled

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culture conflict and crime

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Thorsten Sellin argued

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that legal definitions are relative, changing over time as a result of changes in conduct norms.

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Thorsten Sellin's definition of conduct norms

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are associated with a culture and define some behavior as acceptable and other behavior as unacceptable; rules that govern behavior. conduct norms are different for different cultures.

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Thorsten Sellin said there are two types of culture conflicts

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1. primary culture conflict, which refers to those cases where the norms of the subordinate culture are considered criminal in the dominant culture; when two different cultures govern behavior. 2. secondary culture conflict, refers to instances where segments within the same culture, smaller cultures existing within a larger culture, differ as to the acceptability of conduct norms. one social group defines something as deviant or criminal, and others in the same culture consider this behavior normal and or noncriminal.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)

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the leading criminologist of his generation and the most prominent of american criminologists.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)

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graduated from the university of chicago with a double major in sociology and political economy.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)'s book entitled

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principles of criminology in 1924, and he first presented his theory of differential association in his 3rd edition textbook in 1939.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory), defined as

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criminals are no different from noncriminals, do not have different personalities and do not think or learn differently, he also said that criminals learn to commit crimes just as they learn any other behavior and just as anyone else learns any type of behavior.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)Learning defined

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habits and knowledge that develop as a result of the experience of the individual in entering and adjusting to the environment.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) continue

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the primary learning mechanism occurs in association with others, usually informal small groups, such as parents, family, friends, and peers. we learn through our interactions with these significant others.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)said that what is crucially different between

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lawbreakers and law abiders is the content of what is learned.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) also said that this is what they learn rather than how it is learned.

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content of what is learned.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory), according to him

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behavior is learned in a social environment. all behavior in learned in much the same way.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)'s perspective explained crime by

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learning in a social context through interaction and communication.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory), drew on three major influences or three major theories from the chicago school

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1. ecological and cultural transmission theory; 2. symbolic interactionism; and 3. cutlture conflict theory.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) focused equally on

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cultural conflict, social disorganization, and differential association.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) said that both criminal and anticriminal associations can be affected by these four things

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1. priority of learning: how early this is learned in life; 2. frequency: how often one interacts with groups encouraging the behavior in question; 3. duration: the length of exposure to particular behavioral patterns, and 4. intensity: the prestige or status of those manifesting the observed behavior.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory)means

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individuals will lean towards or away from crime according to the cultural standards of their associates, especially those with whom they spend frequent and long periods of time.

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) coined the term

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white collar crime ( finding a quick way to get to the top (anomie crime)

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Emile Durkheim and Robert K. Merton (Anomie)

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most closely associated with this term- Anomie.

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Emile Durkheim introduced the term in his book titled

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the division of labor in society.

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Emile Durkheim (anomie) meant

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a condition of deregulation that was occurring in society, in which general procedural rules of society had broken down and people did not know what to expect from each other.

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Emile Durkheim's anomie meaning

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is a disruption of normal societal conditions... this deregulation, or normlessmess, easily leads to deviant/ criminal behavior.

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Emile Durkheim believed that people

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are born with potentially insatiable appetites, which can be heightened or diminished by social structure.

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Emile Durkheim said in a well-ordered society

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everyone knows what to expect and levels of crime are relative low.

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According to Emile Durkheim, crime is any

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action that offends collective feelings of the members of society that shocks their common conscience.

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Emile Durkheim said that some level of crime

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is normal and necessary for several reasons.

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Emile Durkheim's five reasons for crime

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1. even in a well-ordered society, crime is necessary to remind the community of its values and standards. 2. crime serves to create a sense of solidarity among law-abiding citizens. 3. society can make moral messages about which rules are most important by adjusting the severity of punishment. 4. the punishments given to criminals help to force compliance with the law; fear of shame, humiliation, and lack of liberty motivate people to obey the laws. 5. crime functions to warn society that something may be wrong with the overall way it operates- that is, with its social structure.

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according to Emile Durkheim, crime serves as a stimulus

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for innovation and social change. crime is inevitable because of the incorrigible wickedness of men.

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Emile Durkheim's meaning of anomie

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refers to the breakdown of social norms and a condition in which those norms no longer control the activity of societal members. without clear rules to guide them, individuals cannot find their place in society and have difficulty adjusting to the changing conditions of life. this in turn leads to dissatisfaction, frustration, conflict, deviance, and crime. today criminologists refer to anomie as strain theory.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)

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came up with his own concept of the word Anomie.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory) argues that human

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appetites, desires, are not natural, rather they are create by cultural influences.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory) divided social norms or values into two types

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1. societal goals- things that we want, 2. acceptable means- for achieving those goals (legally doing them).

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s meaning of anomie is

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a disjuncture or split between those goals and means as a result of the way society is structured, with class distinctions.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory) said that deviance and crime

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are products of anomie.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory) claimed that the approved modes of acquiring success

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is the institutionalized means used for achieving society's goals.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory) said these means are emphasized in the

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middle-class values of saving, education, honesty, hard work, delayed gratification, etc. but the means for achieving these goals are not evenly distributed.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s five adaptations are

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1. conformity- (the most followed), 2. innovation- (a deviant type), 3. ritualism- (a deviant type), 4. retreatism- (a deviant type), 5. rebellion- (a deviant type).

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s meaning of conformity

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accepts the goals of society and the legitimate , means of acquiring them. if, in the face of moral pressure, the individual continues to accept the value of both the goals and the means, the form of behavior exhibited will be conforming. this is the most common form of adaptation.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s meaning of innovation ( one of the four deviant types)

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When emphasis on the approved goals of society is maintained while legitimate means are replaced by other, non-approved means, this mode of adaptation is called innovation and is the most common of the four deviant types. innovators accept the goals but significantly reject or alter the means of acquiring the goals; put simply, they cheat. they will seek alternative means of success- often illegitimate. crime is one option. here, more available and faster ways of achieving the goals are created. Examples are theft, drug dealing, white collar crime, and organized crime.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s meaning of ritualism ( one of the four deviant types)

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if the individual sees the goals as unattainable (rejects them) but accepts the means anyway, the form of behavior will be deviant and ritualistic. in this case, the focus of the individual becomes the means rather than the ends. ritualist reject the societal goals but accept the means. these people recognize that they will never achieve the goals due to personal inability or other factors. example: bureaucrat who becomes obsessed with the rules but losses sight of the objectives of the organization; the terminal student who has no expectation of ever finishing college.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s meaning of retreatism ( one of the four deviant types)

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this pattern is best seen as dropping out of society and is exemplified by vagrants, alcoholics, and drug addicts, behavior that reflects giving up the struggle. the retreatist is in society but not of it, and may even go on to commit suicide. retreatism is seen as the least common mode of adaptation back in 1938, today, it is more common. if the individual rejects both the goals and the means, the form of behavior will be deviant and retreatist. a person engaged in this behavior will no longer strive toward the goals and not even continue in the normal stream of life. these individuals opt not to be innovative and at the same time, need to resolve their inability to reach the important goals in life. their solution is that they simply quit trying to get ahead.

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Robert K. Merton ( Goals/Means theory)'s meaning of rebellion ( one of the four deviant types)

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if both the goals and the means are rejected and then substituted for, the form of behavior will be deviant and rebelling. this form of deviance actually rejects the way society is currently set up and attempts to create a new form of society. rebellion is of a different type from others. rebels not only reject the goals and means but replace them with new ones. members of street gangs and motorcycle gangs may fit into this category, as do right-wing militia groups and members of religious orders who seek certain states of consciousness and reject material gain.

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Robert K. Merton's anomie theory

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explains how the social structure itself contribute to the creation of deviance and crime on all levels, although primary focus of the theory is on the lower class. because of the societally-induced separation between cultural aspirations and the approved methods of attaining those aspirations the lower class is most likely to exhibit deviant, nonapproved, criminal, adaptive behavior.

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Robert K. Merton's major points of the theory

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1. most members of society share (or are socialized into) a common system of values, 2. this common value system teaches us both the things we should strive for (cultural goals) and the most appropriate ways (societal means) to achieve those goals, 3. if the goals and the means to achieve them are not equally stressed, an anomie condition is created, 4. in a disorganized society, different degrees of access to these goals and means exist. thus, the means are not equally distributed within a disorganized society, 5. some societies, such as that of the united states, may place too much stress on success goals. in a disorganized society, this results in a striving toward those goals, but not enough access to the means to achieve them.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory)

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chicago school University of chicago department of sociology 1892.

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Robert Park started the (concentric zone theory)

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chicago school of criminological thought, first department chair in the sociological department.

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Robert Park made two observations (concentric zone theory)

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1. social processes can only be understood through careful, scientific study of city life. so city of chicago was turned into a laboratory. Empirical sociology (raw data), the study of individuals in their social environment.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) did studies of

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individuals in their social environments, population statistics, life histories of individuals and families.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) was made up of

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five concentric zones, each two miles wide. described patterns of social development in chicago, a series of distinctive concentric circles radiating from the central business district of the city.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) noted that the further one moved

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away from the center of the zones, the fewer social problems you found.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) zone one:

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at the heart of the city, the central business district, factories and few residences. in chicago known as the loop, where the commuter trains turned around. a commercial area that had valuable transportation resources such as water and railways.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) zone two

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refered to as the zone of transition because businesses and factories were encroaching on this area. area of previously desirable residences threatened by invasion from the central business district and industrial growth. cheapest place to live. residences allowed to erode by the slum landlords who were waiting to profit from the increased land value. attracted low-income renters; typically newly arrived immigrants who found it convenient to live close to their work.. this zone was an area of highly transient people. the most socially disorganized.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) zone three

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made up of working men's homes. as they could afford to move from zone two, they escaped to zone three. second and third generation immigrants. replaced in zone two by another wave of immigrants.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) zone four

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a residential suburban area of more expensive homes and expensive apartments.

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Robert Park and Earnest Burgess (concentric zone theory) zone five

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contained the highest-priced residences and was called the commuter zone. contained single-family dwellings and was most desirable because of distance from: 1. hustle of downtown, 2. pollution from factories, and 3. the poor. most influential white middle and upper income residents lived here. dominant mainstream culture and values.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory)

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proposed that zone two, the transitional zone, would contain higher levels of crime and other social problems.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory) zone two other social problems were

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1. drug abuse, 2. alcoholism, 3. suicide, 4. tuberculosis, 5. infant mortality, 6. mental illness, 7. juvenile delinquency.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory)found that regardless of racial or ethnic group or economic income

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social disorganization is more in zone two than others. they documented rates of delinquency, tuberculosis, and infant mortality, and found that as one moved away from the central business district, there was a decreasing pattern..

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory)'s reasons for social disorganization in zone two are

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1. high degree of mobility, 2. decaying neighborhoods, 3. encroachment of the business and factory district, 4. social disorganization became the primary explanation for the emergence of crime.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory)'s difinition of social disorganization

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a situation in which there is little or no community feeling, relationships are transitory, levels of community surveillance are low, institutions of informal control are weak, and social organizations are ineffective.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory) developed the idea of Cultural Transmission Theory.

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explanation of the process by which social disorganization affects juveniles and leads to delinquency.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory) developed the idea of Cultural Transmission Theory. they said that

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juveniles who live in socially disorganized areas have greater opportunities for exposure to those who live by delinquent and criminal values.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (applied Concentric zone theory) developed the idea of Cultural Transmission Theory.a primary characteristic of these areas is that a delinquent tradition develops

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delinquent tradition provides a way of transmitting delinquent values. when families moved from zone two, outward, did the teenagers leave their delinquent from one zone to the next occurred.

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Criminal law and the criminal justice system in the united states is based on which school of criminological thought

answer

classical

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the university of chicago is the site of the very first_______________department in the united states.

answer

sociology

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the chicago school was established in what year

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1892

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what was one of park's two initial observations proposed as the first chair of the department that created the analytical framework on which all sociological theories are still based today

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a city not developed randomly.

question

what was the name of the theory proposed by dr. park and dr. burgess that began the mission of the chicago school.

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the concentric zone theory.

question

which of the areas/neighborhoods was the most socially disorganized

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zone two

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what two theories were proposed by shaw and mckay (social disorganization, cultural transmission theory)

answer

social disorganization, cultural transmission theory.

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what are two social welfare problems identified in the most socially disorganized zone (social disorganization, cultural transmission theory)

answer

drug abuse, alcoholism.

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what one social welfare problem became the focus of the second theory (Cultural Transmission Theory) proposed by shaw and mckay

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juvenile delinquency

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which theory is considered the longest-lasting of the chicago school theories

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symbolic interaction theory

question

who proposed culture conflict theory

answer

Thorsten Sellin.

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Thorsten Sellin. what are the two types of culture conflict

answer

1. primary, 2. secondary.

question

what theorist proposed that all behavior is learned

answer

Edwin Sutherland.

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Edwin Sutherland, what is the name of his theory

answer

Differential Association Theory

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Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) according to him, what is the difference between criminals and non-criminals

answer

the content of what is learned.

question

Edwin Sutherland (Differential Association Theory) according to him, what are two of the four factors that affect learning

answer

1. priority of learning. 2. duration.

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The idea that crime is "in the blood" is what type of approach to criminological explanation

answer

biological approach.

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During the 16th and 17th centuries people who engaged in crime and other forms of deviant behavior were thought to be under

answer

demonic possession

question

Criminology it is an

answer

applied science.

question

what under the classical school are the five core components of criminology

answer

1. definition and nature of crime as harm-causing behavior, 2. different types of criminal activity,ranging from individual, spontaneous offending, to collective, organized criminal enterprises, 3. profiles of typical offenders and victims, including organizational and corporate law violators, 4. statistical analysis of the extent, incidence, patterning, and cost of crimes, including estimates of the dark figure of hidden or unreported crime, 5. analysis of crime (causation).

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a crime can be

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committed or omitted.

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Auguste Comte was a

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19th century french philosopher and social scientist.

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Auguste Comte is credited with being

answer

the father of sociology.

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most of the system of analysis that constitutes sociological positivism today was developed by

answer

Auguste Comte.

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Auguste Comte was impressed with the discoveries of the physical scientists and suggested that we should study human behavior and society using the same

answer

methods that the physical scientists used- the scientific methods.

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