Criminology Chapter 4 – Flashcards
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Biological Theories
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theories that maintain that the basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality are constitutionally or physiologically based/often inherited Look to internal forces, genetic/physical makeup; focus on brain as center of personality/major determinant in controlling behavior
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C. Ray Jeffery
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term criminology given to social science approach to crime, developed in sociology Sutherland's Criminology-pure sociology w/out any biology or psychology, Today it is interdisciplinary
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Traits
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notable features or qualities of biological entity, may be physical, behavioral, or psychological, passed from generation to next
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Franz Gall
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earliest attempt to use bodily features to identify criminals
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Phrenology
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study of shape of head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior (craniology)
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4 themes in Theory of Phrenology
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1)The brain is the organ of the mind 2)Particular aspects of personality are associated with special locations in the brain 3)Portions of brain that are well developed cause personality characteristics associated with them.. Poor developed brain areas lead to lack of associated brain characteristics 4)Shape of person's skull correspond to shape of underlying brain; therefore, indicative of personality
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Johann Spurzheim
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brought phrenological theory to U.S. and spread influence with lectures/publication
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Cesare Lombroso
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early scientific biological theories, army prison physician, "Father of modern criminology", 1st to use scientific method in work Claimed could separate criminals from general pop. and also identify specific types of criminals.
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Atavism
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Made by Lombroso, criminals are biological throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution
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Italian School of Criminology (Positivism School)
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founded by Lombroso, developed in the 1800s that held that criminals can be identified by physical features and are throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution
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Criminal Anthropology
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scientific study of relationship between human physical characteristics(in body measurements) & criminality
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Enrico Ferri & Raffael Garofalo
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contributors/thinkers in the Italian School
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Born-Criminals
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individual who is born with genetic predisposition toward criminality
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Criminaloid
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"occasional criminal" who is enticed into criminality primarily by environmental influences
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Masculinity Hypothesis
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belief that overtime men & women will commit crime that are increasingly similar in nature, seriousness, and frequency
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Charles Goring
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conducted study of Lombroso's thesis of atavism, compared physiological features/criminal history in prisoners/college students
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Earnest Hooton
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concluded that criminals showed an overall physiological inferiority to general population & crime was result of "impact of environment upon low grade human organisms"
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Constitutional Theories
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theories that explain criminality by reference to offenders body types, inheritance, genetics, or external observations, physical characteristics
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Somatotyping
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classification of human beings into types according to body build & other physical characteristics, studied by Kretschmer(saw relationship between body build/personality) & Sheldon(measurement technique to connect body type/personality)
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3 Body Types
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1)Endomorph-soft & round, overweight; viscerotonic(relaxed/sociable) 2)Mesomorph-muscular/athletic; somatotonia(associated with delinquency) 3)Ectomorph-thin/fragile with long, slender, poorly muscled extremities, delicate bones; cerebrotonic(restrained/shy) 4)Balanced Type-avg build, not overweight, thin, or exceeding muscle
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Sir Galton
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1st western scientist to study heredity. easy to show criminal nature is inherited
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Heredity
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passing of traits from parent to child
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Behavioral Genetics
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study of genetic/environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior
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Richard Dugdale & "Juke Family"
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Dugdale studied Juke criminal family. "Ada" famous female in family, bad reputation- "mother of criminals", compared this family to "Pure-blooded" Edwards Family. Arthur Estabrook continued his research
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Henry Goddard & "Kallikak Family"
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tried to place study of deviant families within science framework. used 2 branches of same family. 1)Started with Martin having illegitimate son Martin Jr. 2)After war, Martin married and had legitimate lineage. compared 2 branches.
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Eugenics
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study of heredity improvement by genetic control
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Eugenic Criminology
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perspective that hold that root cause of criminality are passed from generation to generation in form of "bad genes"
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Genetic Determination
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belief that genes are major determining factor in human behavior
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Patricia Jacobs
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1st well known study to focus on genetic differences as explanation for criminality XXX-Turner's syndrome, XXY-Klienfelter's(men usually sterile)
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XYY Supermale
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extra Y chromosome. may commit more crimes may not be more aggressive, less than 1%, not conclusive that it makes someone more aggressive
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Monozygotic vs Dizygotic Twins
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Monozygotic-twins came from same ovum, almost genetically identical Dizygotic-twins that came from 2 ovum, only as genetically similar as siblings If we want to study behavior despite variations in environment look at MZ
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Christenson & Mednick
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analyzed all twins in certain area born between 1881-1910, said criminal tendencies inherited, 52% MZ, 22% DZ shared same degree of criminality
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Sociobiology
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systematic study of biological basis of all social behaviors
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Paradigm
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example, model, or theory
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Konrad Lorenz
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"On Aggression", accepted Darwin's Theory that aggression within species favors strongest/best animals for reproduction. Aggression ensures an even distribution of animals of certain species over inhabitable area, providing for a defense of species from predators Humans-intraspecies aggression, driven to money & power. All human behavior is adaptive instinctive behavior
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Edward Wilson
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coined term sociobiology, systematic study of biological basis of all social behaviors, branch of evolutionary biology, primary determinant of behavior need to ensure survival/continuity of genetic material
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Altruism
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selfless, helping behavior (put others over self)
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Gene Pool
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total genetic info of all individuals in breeding population
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Criticisms of Sociobiology
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1)fails to convey significance of culture, social learning, individual experience in shaping behavior 2)fundamentally wrong in its depiction of basic nature of humans 3)empirically unsupported rational 4)can't apply animal findings to humans accurately.
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Tribalism
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codes of conduct administered through group dynamics, everyone participates, behavior solidified based on community
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3 Fastest Growing Types of Crime
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Female, youth(repeat), cyber
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Id, Ego, Superego
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Id-pleasure seeking drive Ego-Reason/logic- reality Superego-what we really want/morality(no crime ever)
