Criminology Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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For the positivist, behavior is
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beyond the control of the individual
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Trait theories suggest that certain biological or psychological traits can trigger criminal behavior in certain circumstances.
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true
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Choice theorists believe the key to controlling crime is deterrence
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true
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Social disorganization theory holds that crime is largely related to the quality of neighborhoods.
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true
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The research published in Delinquency in a Birth Cohort asserted that ________ of juvenile offenders were responsible for the majority of violent crime.
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6%
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iochemical explanations of misbehavior include all of the following except
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ADD
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Self-control is an important variable in life course criminology.
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true
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The Chicago School showed a correlation between crime and
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neighborhood conditions
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Social conflict theory includes
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issues of power and wealth
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The theory that people adapt to the values of the subculture to which they belong is
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cultural deviance authority
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Which of the following is consistent with control theory? a.individuals must be taught to commit illegal activities b. Individuals commit crimes after being labeled by society. c. Individuals are restrained from offending by their relationships between parents and peers. d. Offenders learn deviant values from parents and peers
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individuals are restrained from offending by their relationships between parents and peers
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Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin asserted that a small group of juveniles, 9 percent, were responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime
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true
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Which of the following is not a main branch of social process theory? a. Control theory b. Learning theory c. Labeling theory d. Deviance theory
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deviance
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The belief that illegal drug abusers are a danger to society and should be punished accordingly is consistent with
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the criminal model of addiction
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Strain results from the lack of available means to achieve life goals.
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true
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Strain theory has its roots in the concept of
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anomie.
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Rational choice theory is an updated version of
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classical theory
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Labels applied by the justice system can only improve life.
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false
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To understand the basics of addiction and physical dependence, one must understand the role of
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dopamine on the brain
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A correlation demonstrates a cause of behavior.
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false
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All of the following are true according to Beccaria, except that a. The more swift and certain a punishment is, the more effective it will be b. Fear of punishment can deter the choice to commit crime c. All decisions are the result of rational choice d. Punishment must be designed to diagnose and treat the underlying causes of criminal behavior
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Punishment must be designed to diagnose and treat the underlying causes of criminal behavior
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dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain which is highly correlated with addiction and physical dependency.
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true
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The criminal model of addiction asserts that drug abusers endanger society with their behavior and should be punished the same as those who commit non-drug-related offenses.
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true
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Utilitarianism involves the calculation of pain and pleasure.
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true
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Which of the following is a social process theory? a. Life course theory b. Strain theory c. Labeling theory d. Social disorganization theory
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labeling theory
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Practitioners of life course criminology assert that the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior can be found by evaluating
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childhood behaviors
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The continuity of theory of crime asserts that once negative behaviors have been established they cannot be changed.
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true
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The idea that certain people are more likely to be victims of crime than others is called
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repeat victimization
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Which model holds that substance abusers are forced into petty crime to feed their addictions?
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medical
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When considering the relationship between drugs and crime, the systemic model asserts that
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violence is a by-product of the interpersonal relationships within the drug-using community
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Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that low self-control can be primarily attributed to
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poor parenting
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Routine activities theory includes all of the following elements except a. repeat victimization. b. a likely offender. c. absence of a capable guardian. d. a suitable target.
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repeat victimization
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Labeling an individual
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affects one's self concept
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In Bentham's classical criminology, punishment aims to
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give an incentive not to harm people.
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tudies indicate that individuals with low self -control are at a greater risk of victimization.
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true
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_________________ is widely referred to as "the father of criminology."
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Cesare Lombroso.
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5 main types of theories for causes of crime
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choice trait sociological social conflict social process
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Beccaria's 3 truths
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all decisions are the result of rational choice fear and punishment acts as a deterrent more swift the punishment the more effective deterrent
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Bentham, people are government by
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pleasure and pain
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Utilitarian theory: punishment has 4 goals
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1. prevent crime 2. offender commit lesser crime to avoid punishment 3. give offender incentive not to harm others in crime 4. prevent crime at the least possible cost to society
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choice theories: severe punishment
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can deter criminal activity
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trait theories
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biological and psychological traits incline them toward criminal behavior in certain circumstances
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agressive behavior related to
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neurotransmitters in brain
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criminal behavior in males can be linked to
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hormone testosterone
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory
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examining criminal behavior role of unconscious id ego superego
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social psychology
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focuses on human behavior in how we relate to one another
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Trait theories suggest that antisocial behavior should be
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ID'd and treated before it manifests in first time or further criminal activity
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social disorganization theory
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high crime areas that are characterized by disorganization breakdown of tradition institutions of social controls (family, school) street families v. decent families
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strain theories
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people are mad because they are in poverty, face racial discrimination or don't achieve goals so they commit crimes
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strain theory
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has its root in anomie
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general strain theory
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examines the factors that combine with strain to result in offending
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cultural theory
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asserts that people adapt to the subculture to which they belong
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social disorganization theories suggest that changing community conditions can prevent crime with gov't programs to
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decrease unemployment reduce poverty improve educational facilities
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social process theory
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all about the family, friends and media influence on an individual are daily interactions
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learning theory
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sees crime as a learned behavior teacher is usually family or friend
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control theory
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don't commit crimes because they care more about what family and friends will say
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labeling theory
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if you label someone as a criminal they are more likely to be one
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social conflict theories
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power is key component to explaining crime
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life course theories
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behavioral patterns are developed in childhood and predict that behavior in the future
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general theory of crime
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criminal behavior is linked to low self control
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the theory of repeat victimization suggests
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that the strongest predictor of future victimization is past victimization
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