Criminology Ch.I.
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Criminology
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The scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. -scientific approach to studying criminal behavior
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Criminological enterprise
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The areas of study and research that taken together make up the firld of criminology. Criminologists typically specialize in one of the subareas of criminology, such as victimology or the sociology of law
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Conflict View
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The view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to futher their own needs.
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Moral entrepreneurs
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Interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order in such a way as to promote their own personal set of moral values. People who use their influence to shape the legal process in ways they see fit
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Substantive criminal law
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The branchof the law that defines crimes and their punishment. it incolces such issues as the mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories and criminal defense
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stalking statuses
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Laws that prohibit \"the willful, malicious, and repeated following and harassing of another person.\"
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First-degree murder
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Defined as an unlawful killing that is both willful and premediatated
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burglary
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entry into a building illegally with intent to commit a crime
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misdemeanor
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*Less serious offenses punished by less than a year in jail
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Crime typology
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The study of criminal behavior incolving research on the links between different types of crime and criminals.
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Social harm
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A view that behaviors harmful to other people and society in general must be controlled. These acts are usually outlawed, but some acts that cause enormous amounts of social harm are perfectly legal, such as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol.
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Common law
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Early English law, developed by judges, that incorporated Anglo-Saxon tribal custom, feudal rules and practices, and the everyday rules of behavior of local villages -Common law became the standardized law of the land in England and eventually formed the basis of the criminal law in the US
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Procedural Criminal law
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Those laws that set out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system -Rules of evidence -law of arrest -the law of search and seizure, -questions of appeal -jury selection -right to counsel
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crime
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an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
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voluntary manslaughter
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the killing of human being in which the offender had no prior intent to kill and acted during \"the heat of passion,\" under circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed
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larceny
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Theft of personal property
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scientific method
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Using verifiable principles and procedures for the systematic acquisition of knowledge; typically involves formulating a problem, creating a hypothesis, and collectind date through observation and experiment to verify the hypothesis.
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consensus view
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The belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common ideals and work toward a common good and that crimes are acts that are outlawed because they conflict with the rules of the mojority and are harmful to society
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deviant behavior
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Behavior that departs from the social norm
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male in se
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Acts that are outlawed becase they violate basic moral values, such as rape, murder, assault and robbery
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actus reus
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* The criminal act itself
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social theory
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Framework of empirical evidence used to study and interpret social phenomena
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assault
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make a physical attack on
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felony
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* Generally refers to offenses punishable by a year or more in a state or federal prison
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victimology
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Studying the role of the victim in crime
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interactionist view
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The view that ones perception of reality is significantly influenced by ones interpretations of the reactions of others to similar events and stimuli
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mala prohibitum
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Acts that are outlawed because they clash with current norms and public opinion, such as tax, traffic, and drug laws.
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mens rea
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the criminal intent, or guilty mind
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Megan's Law
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law enforcement authorities are to make information available to the public regarding registered sex offenders
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Robbery
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the action of robbing a person or place
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Penology
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the study, theory and practice of prison management and rehabilitation
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Explain Crime typology
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Because people often disagree about types of crimes and criminal motivation, no standard exists with the field. Some typologies focus on the criminal, suggesting the existence of offender groups, such as professional criminals, psychotic criminals, occasional criminals, and so on. Others focus on the rimes, clustering them into categories such as property crimes, sex crimes and so on.
