Criminology Analysis Answers – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Ember Wagner
The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the ______ criminal behavior
Nature, Extent, Cause, and Control
Caesar Beccaria in the 1700’s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime Beccaria help to form the core of what today is referred to as______ criminolgy
Classical
“Let the punishment fit the crime” refers to which criminological school of thought?
Classical Criminology
The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on_____ criminology, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.
Critical
The american legal system is a direct descendent of
British common law
The uniform crime report is a primary source of crime data collected by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The NCVS annually samples more than 40,000_____ in order to estimate crime victimization.
Households
___________ theory suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of minority crime in UCR data.
Racial control
Who has become a central focus of crime control policy?
Chronic Offenders
Which region of the United States has the highest crime rates?
South
What discovery prompted the scientific study of victims?
The discovery that victims plan an important role in the crime process
The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age
25
_______ refers to a victim’s physical weakness or psychological stress that renders him or her incapable of resisting or deterring crime.
Target Vulnerability
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors—the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders–is called _____ theory
Routine Activities
Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates?
Deviant Place
Crime is_____ because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act.
Offense-specific
According to the rational choice approach, the decision to commit crime is structured by
Where the crime occurs and the characteristics of the target
The “high” or the excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is referred to as
Edgework
People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect?
Certainly of punishment
______ theory reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.
Trait
What is the study of brain activity?
Neurophysiology
Many children with ADHD also suffer from____ and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in childhood.
Conduct disorder
If criminal fathers produce criminal sons who produce criminal grandchildren, then crime can be said to be
Intergenerational
Sigmund Fred (1856-1939) developed______ psychology, which has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since.
Psychodynamic
Social_____ are segments of the population whose members similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms
Classes
Which theory focuses on urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime?
Social disoganization theory
According to social structure theories, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to
Socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society
Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of which two Chicago sociologists?
Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay
According to Shaw and McKay, a(n)______ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.
Transitional
Social process theories share one basic concept, which is it?
All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals
________ refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a non-coercive way.
Parental efficacy
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory states that criminal behavior is
Learned like any other behavior
Neutralization theory point out that
Even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminally all the time
Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is not one of these elements
Affection
According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by
Creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society
Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these profits for reinvestment or to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed
Surplus Value
____________ describes the antisocial behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.
State (organized) crime
____________ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women’s criminality in terms of gender inequality and patriarchy
Critical Feminism
Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?
Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American, and Native Canadian communities for centuries.
