question

Governor Smith is interested in overhauling the criminal justice system in his state. He realizes that this in a huge endeavor and will need the help of many experts in the field that make up the agencies of social control. He begins assembling his team to look at crime and the criminal justice system in his state. The lawyers on his team believe that acts prohibited by the criminal law constitute behaviors considered unacceptable and impermissible. They believe that government should achieve a number of social goals when outlawing certain behaviors. Which common goal is said to have been met by applying criminal punishments that are designed to prevent crimes before they occur?

answer

deter criminal behavior.

question

The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.

answer

Chicago School.

question

Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?

answer

classical criminology.

question

T/F: The juvenile delinquency research of Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck (in the 1940s and 50s) profoundly influenced criminology and formed the basis for today's trait theory.

answer

false.

question

The American legal system is a direct descendent of

answer

British Common Law

question

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the__________ of criminal behavior.

answer

nature, extent, cause, and control.

question

t/f: Criminology is an academic discipline that uses scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

answer

True.

question

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter. What subarea of criminology would most interested in understanding the victim's role in Donald's case?

answer

victimology.

question

Agencies of social control include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

legislatures.

question

What is the term used to describe a jury that is unable to agree on a decision?

answer

hung

question

Which of the following offenses would be classified as a misdemeanor?

answer

petit theft

question

Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?

answer

the consensus view of crime

question

Martha is a mother of two boys, ages 6 and 10. Her husband recently left her and the children. Shortly after her husband left, the police came to Martha's house to inform her that her husband was wanted for several very serious crimes. Martha had always had the feeling that her husband was capable of hurting others. She believed that he "looked" like a criminal and explained to the detective that his physical features gave him a criminal appearance. What branch of criminology best explains Martha's perception of her husband's appearance and alleged criminality?

answer

positivist criminology

question

Not only should criminological research do no harm to subjects, but this research should also

answer

be empowering and directly useful to research subjects.

question

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter. According to Marvin Wolfgang, the incident described above is best characterized as:

answer

a victim precipitated homocide

question

t/f: Use of the scientific method to conduct research in an objective, universal, and culture free fashion is an element of classical criminology.

answer

false

question

Police assume which role in the criminal justice system?

answer

apprehending suspects

question

For the conflict, or interactionist's view of crime, it is the ______ that defines crimes and their punishments.

answer

written code

question

T/F: Not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant acts are criminal.

answer

true

question

t/f: he distinction between whether a crime is classified as a felony or misdemeanor is based upon the age of the individual committing the crime.

answer

false

question

Approximately how many people are arrested each year for serious felony offenses?

answer

2 million

question

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter. In Donald's case, the jury deliberated for three hours before reaching a guilty verdict in a ____ fashion.

answer

hung

question

According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict.

answer

ecological

question

t/f: The criminological enterprise sub-area of victimology is concerned with specific criminal behavior systems such as white-collar crime and violent crime.

answer

false

question

t/f: Developmental criminologists trace criminal careers over the life course.

answer

true

question

Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends fall under the ______ subarea of the criminological enterprise.

answer

criminal statistics/crime measurment

question

Which of the following situations reflects an act of deviance as opposed to a crime?

answer

a passerby who observes a person drowning and does not offer aid.

question

Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria help to form the core of what today is referred to as ______________ criminology.

answer

classical

question

t/f:Under common law, if a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different cases, it would become a precedent.

answer

true

question

Mala prohibitum crimes, such as traffic offenses and gambling violations, change according to social conditions and attitudes. Criminal law is used to codify these changes, reflecting which purpose of law?

answer

expressing public opinion and morality

question

Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as

answer

socialization

question

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter. Assuming Donald's guilt, rehabilitation would begin at what phase of the criminal justice process?

answer

incarceration

question

t/f At the preliminary hearing, the judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient for trial.

answer

true

question

t/f: Bail is established at the preliminary hearing.

answer

false

question

Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study, Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise?

answer

understanding and describing criminal behavior

question

Martha is a mother of two boys, ages 6 and 10. Her husband recently left her and the children. Shortly after her husband left, the police came to Martha's house to inform her that her husband was wanted for several very serious crimes. As a result of her husband's departure, Martha is forced to move her children into a small 2-bedroom public housing unit that is located in an urban neighborhood with high levels of poverty and poor performing schools. What school of criminology promotes that Martha should be concerned for the safety of her sons and also worried that they may start committing crime?

answer

chicago school

question

Place the decision points of the criminal justice system in order of their occurrence.

answer

custody, arraignment, adjudication, disposition

question

t/f: The term "criminal law" refers to the written code that defines crimes and their punishments.

answer

true

question

t/f: Critical criminologists contend that society's economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior.

answer

true

question

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter. Who would argue that Donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will?

answer

a rational choice theorist

question

Criminologists may face an ethical issue when

answer

studying only poor, minority subjects while ignoring white-collar criminals.

question

The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ , which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates.

answer

critical criminology

question

The accused is brought before the trial judge and formal charges are read during which step in the criminal justice process?

answer

arraignment

question

t/f: Over the past decades, it has been shown that criminological research has been influenced by government funding linked to topics the government wants researched and topics the government wishes to avoid.

answer

true

question

Considered the "father of criminology" and the man who referred to offenders as "born criminals" was

answer

Lombroso.

question

Male in se crimes such as murder and rape reflect which view of crime?

answer

the consensus view of crime

question

The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, "an eye for an eye," but the severity of punishment was dependent on one's class standing. This code was known as

answer

the code of Hammurabi.

question

t/f: The mid-eighteenth century belief stressing that the relationship between crime and punishment should be balanced and fair can be traced to Cesare Beccaria.

answer

true

question

In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to criminalize marijuana which had been legal until that time. Which concept of crime does Anslinger's moral crusade reflect?

answer

the interactionist view of crime.

question

t/f: The social control function of criminal law is tied to its sanctioning power to punish offenders.

answer

true.

question

The police chief in Anytown, USA is conducting weekly seminars where the residents of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium. The police chief explains that there are problems with the UCR crime data. What is the biggest potential problem with the validity of UCR crime data?

answer

Many serious crimes are not reported to police and therefore are not counted in the UCR

question

Survey research involves _____ - the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics, called the population.

answer

sampling

question

Which of the following factors has been the most stable indicator of criminal likelihood?

answer

age

question

The police chief in Anytown, USA is conducting weekly seminars where the residents of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium. The theory that explains that some women have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men and thus may be more likely to commit crime is referred to as the:

answer

masculinity hypothesis

question

Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality and crime rates are her two biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she works from home. Thus she is able to work from anywhere in the country. Martha has narrowed her choices to New York in the Northeast, San Francisco in the West, and Miami in the South, and Ohio in the Midwest. Based on the research on the ecology of crime, which of these cities has the highest crime rates?

answer

Miami.

question

The police chief in Anytown, USA is conducting weekly seminars where the residents of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium. The community is concerned that the police department is not deploying their manpower effectively. According to the research, during what months should police staffing be maximized?

answer

july and august.

question

t/f: Chronic offenders eventually age out of crime.

answer

false

question

Which region of the United States has the highest crime rates?

answer

south

question

What neurotransmitter is known to limit offensive behavior?

answer

serotonin

question

t/f: The elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime.

answer

true

question

According to the 2011 Monitoring the Future survey

answer

the crime problem is greater than the UCR and NCVS indicate

question

Referring to the ecology of crime, which of the following settings has the highest violent crime rate?

answer

an urban area in the south

question

_____ suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of minority crime in UCR data.

answer

racial threat theory

question

Referring to the ecology of crime, which statement about crime and temperature is accurate?

answer

crime increases as tempature increases.

question

The UCR contains data on Part I and Part II crimes. Which of the following is not a Part I crime?

answer

hate crime

question

t/f: According to the research on chronic offenders, arrests and court experiences deter chronic offenders.

answer

false

question

t/f: Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African-Americans in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that the justice system aims at blacks.

answer

true

question

t/f: Most reported crimes occur during the months of April and May.

answer

false

question

Discovery of the chronic offender has forced criminologists to consider _____ in their explanations of crime.

answer

persistence and desistence

question

According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was ___________ related to chronic offending.

answer

inversely

question

People living in poverty are believed to engage in disproportionate amounts of _____ crimes, such as rape and assault, as a result of their rage, anger, and frustration against society.

answer

expressive

question

A validity concern associated with the NCVS involves

answer

victims overreporting crime

question

Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality and crime rates are her two biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she works from home. Thus she is able to work from anywhere in the country. Martha has narrowed her choices to New York in the Northeast, San Francisco in the West, and Miami in the South, and Ohio in the Midwest. Based on the research on the ecology of crime, which of these cities has the highest crime rates?

answer

miami

question

The Uniform Crime Report is a primary source of crime data collected by the

answer

FBI

question

What shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization survey?

answer

the nonreporting issue.

question

t/f: Most people commit less crime as they mature.

answer

true

question

Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter. What is the peak age for property crime?

answer

16

question

he majority of murderers use _____________ to commit their murder.

answer

firearms

question

What biological process accounts for desistance and aging out?

answer

the level of hormone activity in the brain

question

The police chief in Anytown, USA is conducting weekly seminars where the residents of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium. The police chief recommends to the audience that they should look at other sources to evaluate statistics on crime. He suggests that the participants review the _______________ which is a comprehensive, nationwide survey of victimization in the United States conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

answer

NCVS

question

t/f: Property crime rates have declined in recent years, dropping more than 10 percent during the past decade.

answer

true

question

The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is impacted by

answer

the "missing cases" phenomenon.

question

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a predictive factor for chronicity?

answer

single parent households

question

t/f: The age structure of the population has a significant influence on crime trends.

answer

true

question

t/f:Critics of self-report studies frequently suggest that expecting people to candidly admit illegal acts is unreasonable.

answer

true

question

t/f: he elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime.

answer

true

question

Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality and crime rates are her two biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she works from home. Thus she is able to work from anywhere in the country. One of Martha's children is a 15 year old boy. He is starting high school in the fall. She is concerned that he will start to hang out with the wrong crowd and possibly begin to commit crime. According to the research, the peak age for property crime is believed to be ____ and thus Martha should be mindful of her son's activitie

answer

16

question

t/f: Rehabilitation is the current sentencing approach taken to deal with chronic offenders.

answer

false

question

The NCVS annually samples more than 40,000 _________ in order to estimate crime victimization.

answer

households

question

Expressive crimes are committed to:

answer

vent rage

question

t/f: The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects data from local law enforcement agencies and publishes them yearly in its Uniform Crime Report (UCR).

answer

false

question

t/f: Repeat offenders usually begin their career at a very early age.

answer

true

question

Research on males and females indicates a strong association between victimization and which personality characteristic?

answer

impulsivity

question

Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called

answer

victim advocates

question

The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called

answer

post-traumatic stress disorder

question

t/f: The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called

answer

true

question

t/f State Victims' Bills of Rights generally include allowing the victim to be consulted in determining an appropriate sentence.

answer

false

question

Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also travels around the country speaking to crime victims. According to the social ecology of victimization, what time of the day were Beth's attacks more likely to take place?

answer

10 pm to 12 pm

question

Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization?

answer

victim precipitation theory

question

_____ is significantly related to female violent victimization rates.

answer

economic inequality

question

Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team's football jersey while sitting on the visiting team's side of the football field. What aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom's troubles?

answer

target antagonism

question

Christopher is a 17 year old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9pm curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and can protect himself. Christopher's mother is convinced there are certain places in their community that are deviant because they are home to "demoralized people." All of the following may be considered "demoralized people" EXCEPT:

answer

the middle class

question

t/f: Reconciliation programs are based on the concept of restorative justice.

answer

true

question

t/f: There has been a decline in domestic violence cases during the past decade.

answer

true

question

What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?

answer

passive precipitation

question

According to routine activities theory which of the following is considered a motivated offender?

answer

addict population

question

_____ programs assist victims who feel isolated and vulnerable and who are in need of immediate or emergency services.

answer

Crisis intervention

question

Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?

answer

Because schools are populated by teenage males

question

Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also travels around the country speaking to crime victims. Beth's progression from child victim to advocate of victims may best be explained by an increase in her

answer

age

question

Christopher is a 17 year old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9pm curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and can protect himself. One afternoon Christopher is speaking to his friend Johnny on the phone. His mother is secretly listening to their conversation and realizes that Johnny was robbed at the corner store a few blocks from his house. Johnny is trying to recruit Christopher to help him retaliate against his attacker. Johnny knows the attacker is a kid who lives a few blocks away from him. According the deviant place theory, which term best describes the desire for Johnny to retaliate against his attacker?

answer

honor code

question

Households that have experienced victimization in the past are the least likely to experience victimization again in the future. t/f

answer

false

question

t/f: According to target vulnerability, having attractive possessions may make one vulnerable to predatory crime.

answer

false

question

Which of the following households is most vulnerable to crime?

answer

a rented urban home in the west

question

Females are ___ more likely than males to be victims of rape and sexual assault.

answer

ten times

question

t/f: People with high-risk lifestyles have a lower risk of victimization.

answer

false

question

t/f Victims tend to be passive people who rarely become involved in crime themselves.

answer

false

question

t/f: Women in college face the risk of sexual assault at a higher rate than women in the general population.

answer

true

question

The treatment rape survivors receive from legal, medical, and mental health services is sometimes so destructive that victims cannot help feeling

answer

re-raped

question

_________ refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime.

answer

Target vulnerability

question

The average cost of a larceny is estimated to be:

answer

2,000

question

Christopher is a 17 year old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9pm curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and can protect himself. Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is trying to convince his mother that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a weapon?

answer

Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized than those who did not.

question

Victim compensation is financial aid awarded to victims to repay them for loss and injury. Who ordinarily pays compensation?

answer

the state

question

Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates?

answer

deviant place

question

The poorest Americans are also the most likely victims of violent and property crimes. t/f

answer

true

question

Gender affects victimization risk. Which of the following is a significant gender difference?

answer

Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.

question

Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also travels around the country speaking to crime victims. Beth wrote an article about the cycle of _____________ which explained that victims of childhood abuse are more likely to commit crimes themselves.

answer

violence

question

According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?

answer

Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.

question

t/f Some victims, especially the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will again become victimized.

answer

true

question

t/f Older, married people are more often targets than younger, single people.

answer

false

question

Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age

answer

25

question

Approximately two-thirds of rapes and sexual assaults occur between the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. t/f

answer

true

question

t/f According to the routing activities theory, teenagers are considered capable guardians.

answer

false

question

Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?

answer

in a park

question

The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders is called

answer

routine activities theory

question

Some victims, especially ______ , develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will be re-victimized.

answer

elderly

question

Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also travels around the country speaking to crime victims. Beth conducts a lot of research on children of abuse. According to the published research on children who are abused, victims are likely to be characterized by all of the following except

answer

suffer lower self esteem

question

According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered a capable guardian EXCEPT:

answer

teenage boys

question

Christopher is a 17 year old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9pm curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and can protect himself. Christopher's mother forbids him from allowing friends come over to his house because she does not trust them. She believes that since they are teenagers they will want to use drugs, drink, and possibly even steal from her home. Christopher's mother is classifying teenagers as

answer

motivated offenders

question

t/f Schools are the locale of a great deal of victimization because they are populated by a dangerous segment of society, teenage males.

answer

true

question

Being abused or neglected as a child __________ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult.

answer

increases

question

t/f Males are more likely than females to be victimized by someone they know.

answer

false

question

What discovery prompted the scientific study of victims?

answer

the discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process

Crime In America: Crij 1307: Chapter 1-3 – Flashcards

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