question

sociological theories

answer

a group of perspectives that focus on the nature of the power relationships that exist between social groups and on the influences that various social phenomena bring to bear on the types of behaviors that tend to characterize groups of people

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social structure

answer

the stable pattern of social relationships that exists within a society

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social process

answer

the interaction between and among social institutions, individuals, and groups

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social life

answer

the ongoing and (typically) structured interaction that occurs between people in a society, including socialization and social behavior in general

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sociological, crime

answer

The end product of social processes, individuals location within structure of society, and class struggle are three key ____________ explanations for ______.

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sociological theories

answer

Analyze how social structure and social processes affect socialization and have an impact on social behavior (social life)

question

sociological, crime

answer

individuals location/place in society, association with others, class struggle are three key _____ explanations for _____.

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major social structure principle, social

answer

Social groups (poor/wealthy), social institutions (schools), the arrangements of society (rich people run things), and social roles all provide the proper focus for criminological study according to the ________ _______ ______ _______ of ______.

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major social structure principle, groups

answer

Group dynamics, group organization, and subgroup relationships form the causal nexus out of which crime develops according to a _______ _______ ______ _______ of _____.

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major social structure principle, structure

answer

The structure of society and its relative degree of organization or disorganization are important factors contributing to criminal behavior according to a _______ _______ ______ _______ of _____.

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major social structure principle, behavior

answer

Specific behavior of a given individual cannot be predicted, but statistical estimates of group characteristics and of the probability that a member of a given group will engage in a specific type of crime are possible according to a _______ _______ ______ _______ of _____.

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social structure

answer

according to a major _____ _____ principle, differences in groups cause crime.

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lower class

answer

Crime is seen largely as a ____ ______ phenomenon

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social disorganization theory

answer

what social structure theory is closely associated to the ecological school and says that community as a functional whole determines the quality of life for its members?

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

20th century sociologist who developed and explored the idea of community directly determining quality of life for individuals, Believed that crime was a normal part of all societies and that law was a symbol of social solidarity

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Robert Park and Ernest Burgess

answer

_______________ and _________ developed social ecology.

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social ecology

answer

also called ecological school of criminology

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Social ecology movement

answer

movement concerned with how the structure of society adapts to the quality of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups

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Social Pathology

answer

Over time, this term came to to represent the idea that aspects of society may be somehow pathological, or "sick", and may produce deviant behavior among individuals and groups who live under or are exposed to such social conditions

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concentric zones

answer

park and burgess viewed cities as these where each of these had its unique characteristics wherein unique populations and typical forms of behavior could be found

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central business district, transitional zone, working class zone, residential zone, commuter zone

answer

list the five concentric zones from innermost part of target to outermost

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transitional zone

answer

this concentric zone consists of recent immigrant groups, deteriorated housing, factories, and abandoned buildings, this zone was changing from residential to business uses

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working class zone

answer

this concentric zone consists of single family tenements

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residential zone

answer

this concentric zone consists of middle class citizens with single family homes, each with it's own yard and garage

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commuter zone

answer

this is the outermost concentric zone that consists of suburbs

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central business district

answer

this concentric zone consists of retail businesses and light manufacturing

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central business district

answer

the loop is another name for this concentric zone

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Henry McKay and Clifford Shaw

answer

They conducted studies of juvenile arrest rates in Chicago during times with high rates of neighborhood transition and concluded that delinquency was caused by the nature of the environment in which immigrants lived rather than by some characteristic of the immigrant groups themselves

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Henry McKay and Clifford Shaw

answer

developed the idea of cultural transmission

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cultural transmission

answer

idea that delinquency was passed on through successive generations of the same zone in the same way that language, roles , and attitudes were communicated

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ecological theory

answer

a type of sociological approach that emphasizes demographics (the characteristics of population groups) and geography (the mapped location of such groups relative to one another)

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social structure theories

answer

theories that explain crime by reference to some aspect of the social fabric. these theories emphasize relationships among social institutions and describe the types of behavior that tend to characterize groups of people rather than individuals

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chicago school of criminology

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the name ________ ______ __ ___________ came from ecological theories that were developed based on "area studies" that tended to be based in this specific location

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ecological school

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Greatest contribution of the __________ ______was that society, in the form of the community, weilds a major influence on human behavior.

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environmental criminology

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criminology of place is also called __________ _______.

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criminology of place

answer

perspective that emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of victimization

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hot spots

answer

these neighborhoods, specific streets, and even individual houses an businesses where crime is geographically concentrated are called..?

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place-based crime prevention

answer

__________ is a effective crime reduction strategy used by police to reducing crime and disorder problems

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broken windows thesis

answer

this is central to criminology of place, idea that physical deterioration of an area leads to physical safety concerns among residents, thus leading tohigher crime rates in that area

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broken windows thesis

answer

according to this thesis, this will attract offender's from other area's as they recognize the vulnerability of this area, only further increasing crime rates in that area

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false

answer

true or false: the ecological approach is an adequate explanation to all crime

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strain theory

answer

a sociological approach that posits a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behavior,

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strain

answer

the pressure that people feel to reach socially determined goals

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Ernest Burgess

answer

came up with Differential Association Reinforcement Theory

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robert merton

answer

this man developed the strain theory

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anomie

answer

merton suggested that this involved the disjunction between egitimate goals, which everyone desires, and socially approved means to success which are not equally available to all of society.... this led to the creation of the strain theory

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conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

answer

list the five goals that society holds according to merton's deviance typology

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merton's deviance typology

answer

a man diagrammed possible combinations of goals and means referring to each combination as a mode of adaptation to signify the acceptance of goals that society holds as legitimate for everyone with ready availability of the means approved for achieving those goals

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conformity

answer

part of merton's deviance typology; form of adaptation where you accept the goals of society and accept the normal means of achieving them

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innovation

answer

part of merton's deviance typology; form of adaptation that results when acceptance of legitimate goals is combined with a lack of access to approved means.

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ritualism

answer

part of merton's deviance typology; form of behavior that arises when results when people participate in socially desirable means but lack interest in achieving goals.

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retreatism

answer

part of merton's deviance typology; describes the form of behavior of those who reject both the socially approved goals and the socially approved means to achieve them

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rebellion

answer

part of merton's deviance typology; form of adaptation that occurs when people who wish to replace socially approved goals and means with an alternative system

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conformists

answer

people who have the means to go on the institutionalized route will end up doing so... they are considered ________.

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conformity

answer

Video of people working in an office and guy starts attacking someone across the desks would be an example of rebellion against what part of merton's deviance typology?

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innovation

answer

people who want to achieve traditional success symbols, but do not have the institutionalized means to achieve them so they go beyond those means to still achieve their goal of gaining traditional success symbols would fall under what category of mertons' typology?

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innovation

answer

Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, Steve Jobbs are examples of people who would fall under what category of mertons' typology?

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ritualist

answer

a ________ may get a good education, work everyday in acceptable occupation, and appear outwardly to lead a middle-class lifestyle, yet that person may care less about achieving the traditional symbols of success according to merton's deviance typology

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retreatists

answer

drug abusers, homeless people, and high school dropouts can be considered _________ .

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conformity, retreatism

answer

According to Merton, ________ is the most common mode of adaptation, and ______ is the least common.

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relative deprivation

answer

this term refers to the economic and social gap that exists between rich and poor people who live in close proximity to one another

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relative deprivation, messner, rosenfeld

answer

___________ is a contemporary version of merton's anomie theory that was proposed by _________ and _____.

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relative deprivation, messner, rosenfeld

answer

under their ______ theory, ______ and ______ suggest that inconsistencies in the ability to achieve the American Dream are to be blamed for most criminal activity

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strain, crime

answer

Failture to achieve positively valued goals, Removal of positively valued stimuli, and Presentation of noxious stimuli lead to ______, which ultimately leads to _____.

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Judith and Peter Blau

answer

these two people believe that people asses their position in life by comparing themselves with things and people they already know

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relative deprivation

answer

inner-city residents develop an increased sense of _________________________ due to growing up with an impoverished lifestyle while witnessing well-to-do lifestyles in nearby neighborhoods

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distributive justice

answer

according to __________________ even wealthy and socially privileged people may feel shortchanged if they feel inadequately reward for their behavior and accomplishment

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distributive justice

answer

refers to an individual's perception of his or her rightful place in the reward structure of society

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general strain theory

answer

This theory suggests that delinquent behavior is a coping measure that helps those who engage in delinquency to deal with the socioemotional problems generated by negative social relations (i.e., lack of support, personal values that favor crime, regular association with criminals)

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robert agnew

answer

who developed the general strain theory in 1992?

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culture conflict theory

answer

a theory that suggests that the root cause of crime can be found in a clash of norms between different social groups is explained by this theory

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secondary conflict

answer

Arises when smaller cultures within the primary one clashed

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secondary and primary conflict

answer

what are the two types of culture conflict?

question

primary conflict

answer

Arises when fundamental clash of cultures occurs

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secondary conflict

answer

Criminal laws are based on middle-class values; therefore, crime may occur when inner-city and lower class norms differ..... what type of culture conflict is this?

question

secondary conflict

answer

gambling and prostitution around the 1930's and drug abuse/use today are good examples of crimes due to what??

question

subcultural theory

answer

the idea that smaller groups within a more dominant group hold different values than the rest of society resulting in crime

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culture

answer

a collection of values, ideas, beliefs, and traits that characterize a human group

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subculture

answer

a smaller group that holds a collection of values that differ from the collection of values of the larger, more dominant group

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counterculture

answer

reject and invert the values of their surrounding culture

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focal concerns

answer

Miller's key values of delinquent subcultures are called...

question

lower-class culture

answer

according to miller, a long established, distinctively patterned tradition with integrity of its own

question

Walter Miller

answer

attempted to detail the values that drive members of the lower working-class by outlying their deviant subcultural values as "focal concerns"

question

trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy

answer

list Walter Miller's six focal concerns

question

walter miller, subcultural

answer

According to _____________'s __________ theory, subcultural crime/deviance emanate from specific values characteristic of such subcultures (not lack of opportunity to crime)

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trouble

answer

one of miller's focal concerns (dominant feature of lower-class culture) involved with dealing with men's fighting/sexual adventures while drinking or women's sexual involvement with disadvantageous consequences

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toughness

answer

one of miller's focal concerns (dominant feature of lower-class culture) that involves an obsessive concern with masculinity as a reaction to the perceived threat of over identification with female role models

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excitement

answer

one of miller's focal concerns (dominant feature of lower-class culture) that involves a search for thrills to overcome the boredom inherent in lower-class lifestyles

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fate

answer

one of miller's focal concerns (dominant feature of lower-class culture) related to the quest for excitement and to the concept of luck or of being lucky

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smartness

answer

one of miller's focal concerns (dominant feature of lower-class culture) involved with the capacity to outsmart, or outwit people in order to achieve a valued identity (material goods, personal status) through mental agility, rather than physical effort

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autonomy

answer

one of miller's focal concerns (dominant feature of lower-class culture) involves a type of independence like "no one's going to push me around" or " i can take care of myself"

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Techniques of neutralization

answer

culturally available ways that criminals can justify their criminal behavior to deny responsibility for what they did

question

sykes and matza

answer

these two men suggested that offenders and deliquents are aware of conventional values, understand that their offending is wrong, but overcome feelings of responsibility through techniques of naturalization

question

denying responsibility., denying injury, denying the victim, condemning the condemners, appealing to higher loyalties

answer

list the 5 techniques of neutralization used by criminal offenders

question

appealing to higher loyalties, subcultures

answer

a techniques of naturalization where offender is justifying their behavior as a defense to one's ____________ values (family, honor, gang, etc., "we have to protect ourselves") ..... (technique, ____)

question

denying responsibility

answer

a techniques of naturalization where offender is justifying their behavior by saying i had a bad childhood with lack of opportunity so it's not my fault

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denying injury

answer

a techniques of naturalization where offender is justifying their behavior by saying, They have so much stuff, they won't even know I stole it, Insurance companies will cover the losses

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denying the victim

answer

a techniques of naturalization where offender is justifying the harm they caused to the victim in some way, "I only beat up drunks"

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condemning the comdemners

answer

a techniques of naturalization where offender is justifying their behavior by saying that the authorities are corrupt/ responsible for their own victimization, Society made me who I am today, "They're worse than we are"

question

differential opportunity theory

answer

similar to strain theory; idea that the gap between the goals and means of achieving those goals lead factors that lead to subcultures

question

legitimate opportunities

answer

things that are generally available to people born into middle-class culture; however, lower-class subcultures are often denied access to these things

question

illegitimate opportunity structure

answer

this describes preexisting subcultural paths to success that are not approved of by the wider culture

question

Cloward and ohlin

answer

these two men created the differential opportunity theory

question

criminal, conflict, retreatist

answer

list the three types of delinquent subcultures created by coward and ohlin

question

criminal subcultures

answer

one type of Cloward and Ohlin's delinquent subcultures; criminal role models are readily available for adoption by those being socialized into the subculture

question

conflict subcultures

answer

one type of Cloward and Ohlin's delinquent subcultures; in which participants seek status through violence

question

retreatist subcultures

answer

one type of Cloward and Ohlin's delinquent subcultures; where drug use and withdrawal from the wider society predominate

question

albert cohen

answer

argued that young people from all backgrounds are generally held accountable to a "middle-class measuring rod" of expectations but not all young people are born into environments where they can effectively meet such expectations

question

reaction formation

answer

the process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve

question

delinquent subcultures

answer

according to albert cohen, ______________ are formed as the collective solution to the problem of status.

question

reaction formation

answer

When children from deprived backgrounds experience frustration due to the "middle class expectations" that they are judged and judged based on, even though it is nearly impossible for these children to achieve this, they may overcome anxiety by resorting to _______________.

question

the code of the street

answer

the major aspect of some African-American neighborhood's subculture is that the amount of respect that a man commands from others (you get from others) determines the amount of manhood that you are recognized to have... this is called what?

question

working-class

answer

_______________ African-Americans place high value on the man as the head of the household as a provider and a strict disciplinarian

question

social development theories

answer

theories that tend to offer an integrated perspective and place a greater emphasis on changes in offending over time than social process theories do

question

social process theories, interactionist perspectives

answer

theories that suggest that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others and that socialization and learning processes occur as a result of group membership and relationships. What are these theories called and what is another name for these theories?

question

interactionist perspectives

answer

theories depend on the process of interaction between individuals and society for their explanatory power, which is why social process theories are also called this.

question

learning theory

answer

this theory says that all behavior is learned in much the same way and that crime, like other forms of behavior, is also learned.... according to this theory, criminal behavior is not a product of an innate characteristic.

question

Edwin Sutherland

answer

man who advanced the learning theory by developing the differential association theory as an explanation for crime.

question

differential association theory

answer

who people associate with (individuals) dictate whether or not they will commit crime

question

edwin sutherland

answer

this man was the first criminologist to suggest that all significant human behavior is learned and that crime is not substantively different that other learned behaviors

question

social control theories

answer

theories under this category seek to identify those features of the personality and the environment that keep people from committing crimes

question

social control

answer

The extent of a person's association with positive social institutions and significant others. ___________ ________ theorists focus on the process through which social integration develops

question

Howard Kaplan, self-esteem

answer

___________proposed a perspective on social control in the 1970's which was that people who are ridiculed by their peers suffer a loss of ____-_____, assess themselves poorly, thus resulting in abandoning the motivation to conform, fostering delinquent behavior

question

low self-esteem

answer

a reduced sense of self-worth that can be associated with delinquency

question

hirschi and gottfredson

answer

In 1990, _________ and _________ proposed the general theory of crime.

question

Travis Hirschi

answer

who created the social bond theory?

question

social bond theory

answer

this theory, which is a part of the control theory, argues that when the bond between individuals and the social group that is formed through successful socialization is broken or weakened, deviance and crime may result

question

commitment, attachment, involvement, belief

answer

list the four components of the social bond

question

individual, group characteristics, member, group

answer

Specific behavior of a given __________ cannot be predicted, but statistical estimates of ________ ______________ and of the probability that a _______ of a given ______ will engage in a specific type of crime are possible.

question

false

answer

true or false: Specific behavior of a given individual can be predicted.

question

central business district

answer

this concentric zone typically consists of skyscrapers, business buildings, nicer and more expensive

question

transitional

answer

the most crime takes place in the _________ concentric zone.

question

strain theory

answer

Merton suggested that anomie involved a disjunction between legitimate goals, which everyone desires, and socially approved means to success, which are not equally available to all members of society.

question

crime and deviance

answer

_________ and ___________ are alternative means to success when individuals feel the strain of being pressed to succeed in socially approved ways when they lack the tools necessary for such success.

question

merton

answer

who created the five modes of adaptation?

question

CIRRR

answer

list pneumonic device for merton's five modes of adaptation

question

CABI

answer

list pneumonic device for hirschi's four component of social bond

question

can't take what riches can (CTWRC)

answer

list pneumonic device for park and burgess's concentric zones

question

innovation

answer

this mode of merton's mode of adaptations is the most associated in crime

question

rebellion

answer

political radicals and revolutionaries are examples of people who utilize this mode of adaptation in response to excess strain

question

general strain theory

answer

a major aspect of this theory refers to events and conditions disliked by individuals and includes three types of strain in which individuals may (a) lose something they value, (b) be treated in an aversive or negative manner by others, and (c) be unable to achieve their goals.

question

central proposition of GST

answer

Strains increase the likelihood of particular crimes primarily through their impact on a range of negative emotional states.

question

central proposition of GST

answer

Crime can be reduced by reducing individuals' exposure to strains conducive to crime and by reducing individuals' likelihood of responding to strains with crime .

question

general strain, traditional strain

answer

The _________ ________ theorysignificantly widens the focus of the ___________ _______ theory to include all types of negative relations between an individual and others.

question

general strain, traditional strain

answer

The ________ _________ theory maintains the idea from the ____________ _______ theory that over time, ________ may have a cumulative effect on delinquency after reaching a certain threshold.

question

crime

answer

the general strain theory expands the traditional strain theory by stating that strain leads to ______.

question

general strain, traditional strain

answer

The ________ _______ theory provides a more comprehensive account than the______ _____ theory of the various adaptations to strain.

question

FATSET

answer

list the pneumonic device for walter miller's focal concerns

question

males

answer

under culture conflict theory perspective, _______ play an important role in lower class culture.

question

DDDCA

answer

list the pneumonic device for the sykes and matza's 5 techniques of neutralization

question

differential opportunity

answer

the code of the streets studied by anderson helps to further support the __________ ___________ theory.

question

gentrification

answer

this is a process of redevelopment where richer people start moving into poorer areas to make it nicer

question

gentrification

answer

________________ may have a backfiring effect because of things like rent control, and differences in salaries for the same exact job in two different locations.

question

differential association, communication

answer

One of Sutherland's principles of _______ _______ theory is that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others in a process of ________.

question

excess definitions, unfavorable

answer

One of Sutherland's principles of differential association theory is that a person becomes delinquent because of _______ _____________ of law being ________: peers say "don't worry about drug laws, they don't matter".

question

intimate groups

answer

Learning of criminal behavior occurs in ________ _______, usually your peers.

question

differential identification, Glaser

answer

___________ _____________ is an explanation for crime proposed by ________ that suggests that those who engage in crime, have intimate interactions with people who commit crime

question

differential identification

answer

According to this explanation for crime, someone will engage in crime if we have a strong connection or relationship to potential criminals.

question

differential identification, non-criminals

answer

The _____________ ___________ theory suggests that identification with _______________ may assist in rehabilitation.

question

differential association reinforcement

answer

differential association + operant conditioning = __________ __________ ___________.

question

differential association + operant conditioning

answer

___________ + _______________ = differential association reinforcement

question

social learning theory

answer

differential association reinforcement + modeling/imitation = ______ _________ ______.

question

differential association reinforcement + modeling/imitation

answer

___________ + _______________ = social learning theory

question

differential association, social learning

answer

The differential association theory advanced to the ________ ___________ reinforcement theory which advanced to the _________ _______ theory.

question

formal and informal sanctions

answer

__________ and __________ __________ cause people to not commit crime.

question

formal sanctions

answer

Laws cause people to resist engaging in criminal behavior. They are called what?

question

informal sanctions, not engage

answer

Negative reactions from people for doing something that is socially unacceptable due to social norms. These cause people to _____________ in criminal behavior

question

tagging

answer

a term that explains what happens to offenders following arrest, conviction, and sentencing. the community believes that "the individual who used to do bad and mischievous things becomes a bad and unredeemable human being"

question

moral enterprise

answer

the efforts of a group seeking to support their own interests with the weight of law...

question

moral entrepreneurs

answer

individuals or groups engaged in the process of moral enterprise

question

primary deviance

answer

initial deviance often undertaken to deal with transient problems in living

question

secondary deviance

answer

deviant behavior that results from official labeling and from association with others who have been so labeled

question

moral enterprise

answer

NORML (the national organization for the reform of marijuana laws) says that its mission is to "move public opinion sufficiently to achieve the repeal of marijuana prohibition so that the responsible use of cannabis by adults is no longer subject to penalty"...... NORML is a modern example of what????

question

moral enterprise

answer

groups who are effective in obtaining_______ ________ happen to just be better at maneuvering through the law system, and therefore succeed in gaining support of their interest through the weight of law system.... they don't just succeed because they have a popular POV (a lot of times POV isn't even popular!)

question

labeling

answer

stereotyping all individuals in a community to have a similar trait/characteristic which may ultimately lead to _____________.

question

delinquent

answer

labeling a person an outcast is just as bad as labeling a person as a ____________.

question

rehabilitation, changed

answer

Focus on juvenile system is ____________; the goal is to say that these are people that can be ________.

question

social process, money, fewer

answer

Crime Prevention programs to enhance self control/build social bonds (ie: big brother, big sister) is a policy implication of ____________ theories. This policy implication will allow society to save _______ in the long run because it leads to ________ people in the criminal justice system

question

informal sanctions, formal and informal

answer

Social control theorists argue that people don't commit crimes due to _________________; not a mixture of __________ and ________.

question

containment

answer

________ occurs when the pushes and pulls toward crime aren't strong enough for one to engage in criminal behavior OR when the pushes and pulls are so strong that one does engage in criminal behavior.

question

internal containment

answer

Morals, "I shouldn't commit crime because its bad" are what form _______________.

question

external containment

answer

Police, Your family monitoring you, etc. Make you not commit crime. These are forms of ____________________.

question

pushes

answer

The containment theory suggests that the_______ toward crime consist of money, power, desire to succeed.

question

pulls

answer

The containment theory suggests that the_______ toward crime consist of the people around you.

question

life-course perspective

answer

According to the social development theory, this perspective suggests that keeping people in jail for life isn't working and it is too expensive since criminal behavior follows a distinct course throughout the course of life.

question

human development

answer

the relationship between the maturing individual and his or her changing environment, as well as the social processes that the relationship entails

question

social development perspective

answer

an integrated view of human development and place a greater emphasis on changes in offending over time

question

criminal career

answer

defined by the NAS panel report in 1986 as "the longitudinal sequence of crimes committed by and invidividual offender"

question

NAS panel report

answer

roots of life course criminology come from this report, noted that criminal careers can be described in terms of four dimensions

question

participation, frequency, duration, seriousness

answer

list NAS panel report's four dimensions of criminal careers

question

participation

answer

one of NAS panel report's four dimensions of criminal careers that refers to the fraction of a population that is criminally active, depends on the scope of criminal acts considered and the length of the observation period

question

frequency

answer

one of NAS panel report's four dimensions of criminal careers that refers to the number of crimes committed by an individual offender per unit of time

question

duration

answer

one of NAS panel report's four dimensions of criminal careers that refers to the length of the criminal career

question

seriousness

answer

one of NAS panel report's four dimensions of criminal careers that refers to the level of ________ of crimes... petty crimes to ____ crimes

question

life course criminology

answer

given its name by Robert Sampson and John H. Laub

question

Glen H. Elder Jr.

answer

who created the 4 principles that provide a concise summary of life course theory?

question

historical time and place, timing in lives, linked lives, human agency

answer

list Glen H. Elder Jr.'s 4 principles that sum up life course theory.... the principle of........

question

the principle of historical time and place

answer

Children born in the US during the great depression or children born in Nazi Germany during WWII were no doubt strongly influenced by the condition around them....this is an example of one of the Glen H. Elder Jr.'s 4 principles of life course theory

question

the principle of timing in lives

answer

Early marriage or childbearing at an early age cant significantly influence the course of people's lives through the long-term consequences of such events....this is an example of one of the Glen H. Elder Jr.'s 4 principles of life course theory

question

the principle of linked lives

answer

If a child or a spouse develops a serious illness, the lives of other family members are likely to be affected... this is an example of one of the Glen H. Elder Jr.'s 4 principles of life course theory

question

the principle of human agency

answer

hard pressed depression-era parents moved to cheaper residences and sought alternative forms of income... this is an example of one of the Glen H. Elder Jr.'s 4 principles of life course theory

question

Sheldon and Eleanor Gleuck

answer

these two people studied delinquent boys in the 1930s and concluded that family dynamic play an especially significant role in criminality, the deeper the roots in childhood maladjustment, the stronger the chance that their delinquent careers would carry over into adulthood

question

laub and sampson's age-graded theory

answer

two researches came up with this theory after reexamining Gleuck's data; found that although delinquency is more likely to occur when bond to society is broken, marriage and job stability play an important role in reducing the frequency of offending later on in life and explain the variations in crime that may not be explained by childhood deviance

question

frontal, impulse

answer

according to the psychological perspective of the social development theory, the _______ lobe development handles _______ control.

question

puberty, puberty, spike

answer

social development theory also notes that biologically, until _______ girls and boys have same testosterone levels. With______, there is a ______ in testosterone levels and crime.

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family/interpersonal, stronger

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_________/____________ relationships become more important as you get older; therefore, ties to society become ________.

question

dependent variable

answer

according to laub and sampson's age-graded theory, adult criminal behavior is the _____________ _________.

question

marriage and employment

answer

according to laub and sampson's age-graded theory, ________ and ________ in adult life make people less likely to engage in crime.

question

life-course persistent offenders and adolescence-limited offenders

answer

according to moffitt's dual taxonomic theory there are two types of people who commit crime. these are ________ and _______.

question

life-course persistent offenders

answer

according to moffitt's dual taxonomic theory, this is one of the types of people who commit crime. the combination of chemical imbalances/early brain damage and poverty/family dysfunction cause some people to commit crime whole life starting at young age, antisocial conduct in childhood, serious delinquency in adolescence, continued crime in adulthood

question

adolescence-limited offenders

answer

according to moffitt's dual taxonomic theory, this is one of the types of people who commit crime. what Moffitt found is that this type of offender goes through limited periods where they exhibit high probabilities of offending, peaks during ages 14-16 where young-adults commit a lot of petty crimes (typically highest during the mid-teen years of ages 15-20) engage in illegal drug use and shop lifting and then it goes down again

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farrington's delinquent development theory

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a theory in which persistence describes continuity in crime and desistance refers to the termination of criminal activity or termination in a period of involvement of offending behavior

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thornberry's interactional theory

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kids commit crimes because of weakened bond to conventional society, environment where behavior can be learned (rule-violating behavior rewarded)

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persistance

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continuity in crime, or continual involvement in offending

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desistance

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the termination of criminal activity/ termination of period of involvement in offending behavior (abandoning a criminal career)

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deceleration, specialization, de-escalation, reaching a ceiling

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list marc leblanc and rolf loeber's four components of desistance

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deceleration

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one of the four components of desistance that refers to a slowing down in the frequency of offending

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specialization

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one of the four components of desistance that refers to a reduction in the variety of offenses

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de-escalation

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one of the four components of desistance that refers to a reduction in the seriousness of offending

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reaching a ceiling

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one of the four components of desistance that refers to remaining at a certain level of offending and not committing more serious offenses

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evolutionary ecology

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more contemporary example of life-course approach pioneered by Lawrence Cohen and Richard Machalek; contemporary example of life-course approach blends elements of social ecology while emphasizing developmental pathways encountered early in life

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control ratio

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the amount of control to which a person is subject versus the amount of control that person exerts over others

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control-balance theory

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Charles R. Tittle's theory that blends the social bond and containment perspective to explain that too much control can be just as dangerous as too little control, and both may result in deviance

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control deficit

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part of control-balance theory that explains individuals who do not have enough control in their environment

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control surplus

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part of control-balance theory that explains individuals who believe that they have the right to control people

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ecological fallacy

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taking a group level data and trying to predict what an individual would do

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environmental criminology

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A researcher notices that one crossroad is the location of nearly 10% of the city's crime. What type of criminology would best explain why?

question

central business district

answer

in this concentric zone, there is low level street crime

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